Compositions and Methods for Immunomodulation in an Organism

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a therapeutic polypeptide and methods for its creation and use for modulating an immune response in a host organism in need thereof. In particular, the invention relates to the administration to an organism in need thereof, of an effective amount of a pre-coupled polypeptide complex comprising a lymphokine polypeptide portion, for example IL-15 (SEQ ID NO: 5, 6), IL-2 (SEQ ID NO: 10, 12) or combinations of both, and an interleukin receptor polypeptide portion, for example IL-15Ra (SEQ ID NO: 7, 8), IL-2Ra (SEQ ID NO: 9, 11) or combinations of both, for augmenting the immune system in, for example, cancer, SCID, AIDS, or vaccination; or inhibiting the immune system in, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, or Lupus. The therapeutic complex of the invention surprisingly demonstrates increased half-life, and efficacy in vivo.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is entitled under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to claim the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/681,663, filed May 17, 2005, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

The U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention pursuant to Grant No.: R01-A151583 Role of IL-15 in CD8 T Cell Development and Response, awarded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application hereby incorporates by reference, in its entirety, the Sequence Listing, and identical CRF of the Sequence Listing previously filed with the United States Patent and Trademark Office in association with U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/681,663; filed: May 17, 2006; entitled: Compositions and Methods for Immunomodulation in an Organism. The CRF contains nucleotide and amino acid sequences, SEQ. ID NO. 1-16, in file: “IL-15_LLefrancois.txt;” created: May 17, 2005; OS: MS Windows XP; size: 31 KB. In accordance with 37 CFR 1.821(e) please use the earlier-filed computer readable form filed in that application as the computer readable form for the instant application. An identical paper copy of said Sequence Listing is submitted, herewith, in the instant application.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a therapeutic polypeptide composition and methods of administration to an organism in need thereof for modulating immune function. In particular the invention relates to the administration of an effective amount of a therapeutic protein complex comprising a lymphokine polypeptide portion, and a lymphokine receptor portion that demonstrates improved in vivo half-life and efficacy when administered to an organism.

BACKGROUND

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell involved in immune system regulation. There are two broad categories of lymphocytes, namely T cells and B cells. T-cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity whereas B-cells are responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies). T-cells are named such because these lymphocytes mature in the thymus and B-cells mature in bone marrow. Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system, and include B cells, T cells, killer T-cells, and natural killer cells. B cells make antibodies that bind to pathogens to enable their destruction. CD4+ (helper) T cells co-ordinate the immune response (they are what become defective in an HIV infection). CD8+ (cytotoxic) T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells are able to kill cells of the body that are infected by a virus or display an antigenic sequence.

Natural killer cells are CD56(+)CD3(−) large granular lymphocytes that constitute a key component of the human innate immune response. In addition to their potent cytolytic activity, NK cells express a host of immunoregulatory cytokines and chemokines that play a crucial role in pathogen clearance. Furthermore, interactions between NK and other immune cells are implicated in triggering the adaptive, or antigen-specific, immune response.

The interactions between immune and inflammatory cells are mediated in large part by cytokine proteins, for example, lymphokines such as interleukins (IL), which are able to promote cell growth, differentiation, and functional activation. Currently, at least twenty-three interleukins and their various splice variants have been described. Some of these cytokines mediate distinct biological effects but many have overlapping activities. The understanding of interleukin structure and function has led to new and important insights into the fundamental biology of immunity and inflammation. For example, Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 are two distinct cytokines with partially overlapping properties that are implicated in the development, homeostasis, and function of T cells and NK cells.

IL-2, formerly referred to as T-cell growth factor, is a powerful immunoregulatory lymphokine that is produced by antigen-activated T cells. It is produced by mature T lymphocytes on stimulation but also constitutively by certain T-cell lymphoma cell lines. IL-2 is useful in the study of the molecular nature of T-cell differentiation, and because it augments natural killer cell activity, it can be useful in modulating the immune response to cancers, viral or bacterial infections. Also, IL-2 can act as a growth hormone for both B and T lymphocytes, and stimulates clonal expansion and maturation of these lymphocytes. IL-2 binds to its receptor (R) complex comprised of IL-2R alpha (“IL-2Ra”), IL-2R beta (“IL-2Rb”), and -gamma (“gC”) chains, and exerts its effect via second messengers, mainly tyrosine kinases, which ultimately stimulate gene expression.

The heterotrimerization of the receptor chains leads to high affinity binding for IL-2. The functional importance of IL-2Ra in hematopoietic cell systems is well known. However, the potential role that IL-2Ra plays in tumorigenesis is still not fully elucidated. IL-2Ra expression has been found in many types of cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, lung, breast, head-and-neck, and prostate. Also, high expression of IL-2Ra in tumors correlates with a poor prognosis for the patient.

IL-15 is a member of the four alpha-helix bundle family of lymphokines and its mRNA can be detected in a wide variety of tissues of both non-hematopoietic, and hematopoietic lineages but it is not produced by T cells. IL-15 is difficult to detect at the protein level in vivo perhaps due to short protein half-life and tight transcriptional and translational control. IL-15 is a soluble protein made by many cells in the body which play an important role in the development of the immune system. IL-15 was simultaneously discovered in an adult T-cell leukemia cell line and a simian kidney epithelial cell line as a 14 kDa-16 kDa protein able to stimulate cytotoxic T cell lymphocyte cell line (CTLL) and peripheral blood T cell proliferation, and to induce peripheral blood mononuclear cells to exhibit effector function.

IL-15 plays a multifaceted role in development and control of the immune system. More specifically, IL-15 influences the function, development, survival, and proliferation of CD8+ T cells, NK cells, killer T cells, B cells, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and antigen-presenting cells (APC). It has been demonstrated that both IL-15−/−, and IL-15Ra−/− transgenic mice lack peripheral NK and killer T cell populations, certain IEL subsets, and most memory phenotype CD8+ T cells. In addition, while antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells can develop in response to pathogens in both types of knockout mice, the resulting memory CD8+ T cell pool undergoes dramatic erosion over time. Suggesting a crucial role for IL-15 in mediating long term memory CD8+ T cell proliferation and survival.

The IL-15 receptor (R) consists of three polypeptides, the type-specific IL-15R alpha (“IL-15Ra”), the IL-2/IL-15Rbeta (“IL-2Rb”), and the common gamma chain (“gC,” which is shared by multiple cytokine receptors). The high affinity IL-15Ra chain (K_(d)≈10⁻¹¹ M) is thought to form a heterotrimeric complex with the shared IL-2Rb, and the gC. Similar to IL-15, IL-15Ra is thought to be expressed by a wide variety of cell types but not necessarily in conjunction with IL-2Rb and gC. Although the IL-15Ra, the IL-2Rb, and the gC chains are believed to associate as a heterotrimeric receptor, whether this is the physiologically relevant form of the IL-15 receptor remains a matter of speculation. For example, the IL-15Ra chain does not co-precipitate with the IL-2Rb/gC in the presence of IL-15.

Moreover, unlike the IL-2Ra chain, the IL-15Ra chain apparently mediates signal transduction. IL-15Ra is a 58-60 kDa protein that shares structural similarities to the IL-2Ra protein. IL-15Ra and IL-2Ra genes also share similar intron-exon organization and are closely linked on human chromosome 10p14-p15. Human IL-15Ra shares about 45% amino acid (aa) homology with the mouse form of the receptor. Eight isoforms of IL-15Ra mRNA have been identified resulting from alternative splicing events involving different exons. The exclusion of exon 2 (ΔExon2) results in an IL-15Ra isoform that does not bind IL-15. Human IL-15Ra-ΔExon3 cDNA encodes a 267 amino acid (aa) protein that contains a 30 aa signal sequence, a 175 aa extracellular region containing one N-linked glycosylation site, a 21 aa transmembrane domain and a 41 aa cytoplasmic tail.

IL-15 signaling can occur through the heterotrimeric complex of IL-15Ra, IL-2Rb and gC; through the heterodimeric complex of IL-2Rb and gC; or through a novel 60-65 kDa IL-15RX subunit found on mast cells. (Anderson, D. M. et al., 1995, J. Biol. Chem. 270:29862-29869; Waldemann, T. A. and Y. Tagaya, 1999, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 17:19-49; Dubois, S. et al., 1999, J. Biol. Chem. 274:26978-26984). Recently, the binding of IL-15 to IL-15Ra has been reported to antagonize the TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis in fibroblasts by competing with TNFR1 for TRAF2 binding (Bulfone-Paus, S. et al., 1999, FASEB 13:1575-1585).

Given the known effects of IL-15 on the immune system, a number of groups have proposed targeting IL-15, to manipulate the immune system for the hosts benefit. While IL-15 administration has been employed to bolster immune responses or augment immune system reconstitution, blockade of IL-15 activity can inhibit autoimmune responses. For example, administration of an IL-15-activity blocking mutant IL-15-Fc protein or a soluble form of the IL-15Ra has therapeutic potential in a mouse model of arthritis and allograft survival.

Conversely, IL-15 (protein or DNA-expression vector) administered as an adjuvant during vaccination or infection augments CD8+ T cell immunity, and IL-15 treatment can enhance protection of mice from lethal doses of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, IL-15 therapy stimulates anti-HIV immunity and increases survival of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes from HIV-infected patients in vitro. IL-15 can also accelerate immune reconstitution after bone marrow transplant. Several groups have found that IL-15 therapy, in conjunction with chemotherapy, Toll-like receptor agonists, or adoptive transfer of tumor reactive CD8+ T cells, can result in increased survival or complete tumor regression in mouse tumor models, in contrast to each therapy alone. Thus, manipulation of IL-15 activity has potential as a therapeutic modality in a number of clinical situations.

IL-15 is currently being used in many studies in which augmentation of the immune response is desirable. These include increasing the efficacy of vaccines against tumors and infections as well as augmenting the ability of the body to remove cancers in the absence of overt vaccination. In addition, IL-15 may aid in regenerating the immune system following bone marrow transplant or in AIDS. However, the half-life of IL-15 in vivo is very short (minutes to 1 hour or so) and this is one reason for poor efficacy. At present the only way to obtain any effect of IL-15 activity is by using large doses, and IL-15 alone is not always effective. Researches have attempted to increase the half-life of IL-15 using molecular modifications but these have generally been ineffective. For example, PEGylation (a common technique to increase protein half-life) of IL-15 increases the half-life but destroys the majority of the activity of the cytokine, in fact, PEG-IL-15 is an antagonist of IL-15 activity.

Therefore, there exists an unmet need to provide a suitable therapeutic form of IL-15 that demonstrates a longer half-life, and a greater efficacy at lower dosages when administered to an organism in need thereof for purposes of modulating or enhancing immunity. Such a therapeutic would allow for the administration of less cytokine while simultaneously providing for the augmentation of the hosts immune system beyond the effects of IL-15 alone.

Our studies showed that the IL-15Ra acts to “transpresent” IL-15 to opposing cells expressing the IL-2/15Rb/gC complex without a requirement for IL-15Ra expression. In addition, in vitro, IL-15 bound to a chimera comprised of the soluble portion of the IL-15Ra covalently linked to an antibody Fc region (IL-15Ra-Fc) (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.), supports the survival of IL-15Ra−/− memory CD8 T cells, in contrast to either component alone.

It is generally perceived by those in the pertinent art that the soluble portion of the IL-15Ra is an inhibitor of IL-15 action. In fact, published research has demonstrated that IL-15Ra can inhibit IL-15 activity in vitro and in vivo. Presently, no one has yet devised a system in which IL-15 and IL-15Ra are pre-coupled prior to administration as an in vivo treatment.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a therapeutic polypeptide composition and methods for its administration to an individual in need thereof. The present invention provides nucleic acids and polypeptides encoded thereby, as well as related compositions including nucleic acid vectors containing the nucleic acids of the invention, cell lines containing the nucleic acids of the invention, and antibodies (e.g., polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, etc. . . . ) which bind to the therapeutic polypeptide of the invention. The present invention also relates to methods for generating a therapeutic agent comprising at least one lymphokine or portion thereof, in a pre-coupled complex with at least one lymphokine receptor or portion thereof. It was surprisingly and unexpectedly observed that the pre-coupled combination of the invention demonstrates a longer half-life in vivo, and greater therapeutic efficacy than observed with administration of IL-15 alone.

The invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules that have at least 25% homology to the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1-4, and 13-16. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that DNA sequence polymorphisms that lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the NOVX polypeptides may exist within a population (e.g., the human population). Such genetic polymorphism in the NOVX genes may exist among individuals within a population due to natural allelic variation. As used herein, the terms “gene” and “recombinant gene” refer to nucleic acid molecules comprising an open reading frame (ORF) encoding an interleukin and/or interleukin receptor polypeptide, preferably from a vertebrate. Such natural allelic variations can typically result in 1-5% variance in the nucleotide sequence. Any and all such nucleotide variations and resulting amino acid polymorphisms in the polypeptides of SEQ ID NOs: 5-12, which are the result of natural allelic variation and that do not alter the functional activity of the polypeptides, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention relates to nucleic acids and polynucleotide molecules that encode a lymphokine or portions thereof. In addition, the invention relates to nucleic acids and polynucleotide molecules that encode a lymphokine receptor or portions thereof. This aspect of the invention contemplates the use of polynucleotides that encode substantially the full length protein, wild type or mutant polypeptides; discrete segments, domains, subdomains, fragments, deletion or insertion mutations; chimeras; and isoforms and splice variants. This aspect of the invention also includes nucleic acids comprising a segment encoding at least one lymphokine or portion thereof, contiguous with a segment encoding at least one lymphokine receptor or portions thereof within a single open-reading-frame (ORF). In certain embodiments, the nucleic acids of the invention comprise at least one additional polynucleotide segment corresponding to transcription regulator sequences (e.g., promoters, inducible promoters, enhancers, and the like); fusion protein sequences (e.g., His-tag, GST, GFP, antibody Fc portions, antibiotic resistance, signal peptides, and the like); and/or linker sequences disposed at the 5′ end, 3′ end or at a location within the polypeptide encoding sequences; and/or combinations thereof. In any of the embodiments described herein, the polynucleotides of the invention may also be disposed in a suitable viral vector, bacterial plasmid, or artificial chromosome suitable for cloning and/or expression in a eukaryotic cell or cell extract, prokaryotic cell or cell extract, and/or combinations thereof.

In certain aspects, the present invention relates to a therapeutic composition comprising an interleukin polypeptide, for example IL-2 (SEQ ID NO: 10 and 12), or IL-15 (SEQ ID NO: 5 and 6), including portions and combinations thereof, in a pre-coupled protein complex with an interleukin receptor polypeptide, for example IL-2Ra (SEQ ID NO: 9 and 11), or IL-15Ra (SEQ ID NO: 7 and 8), including portions and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to a therapeutic polypeptide composition comprising a polypeptide having at least 40% homology to SEQ ID NO.s: 5, 6, 10, 12, portions or combinations thereof, in a pre-coupled complex with a polypeptide having at least 40% homology to SEQ ID NO.s: 7, 8, 9, 11, portions or combinations thereof. In certain other embodiments, the invention relates to a therapeutic polypeptide composition comprising a polypeptide having at least 80% homology to SEQ ID NO.s: 5, 6, 10, 12, portions or combinations thereof, in a pre-coupled complex with a polypeptide having at least 80% homology to SEQ ID NO.s: 7, 8, 9, 11, portions or combinations thereof.

In another aspect, the invention relates to the use of a chimeric polypeptides in the polypeptide complex of the invention. In certain embodiments, the invention comprises chimeric polypeptides comprising one or more interleukins, interleukin receptor, portions and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the invention comprises chimeric polypeptides comprising at least one interleukin receptor polypeptide or portion thereof, for example, the soluble portion of an interleukin receptor and/or the ligand binding domain, covalently linked and contiguous with the Fc portion of an antibody. The chimeric molecules of the invention may be synthesized recombinantly by expressing a polynucleotide containing the desired elements within a single ORF in any number of combinations, which will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art. Other chimeric polypeptides, for example, a human IL-15Ra (1Met-9411e)-K-(129Pro-205T14-linker-Fc polypeptide, are commercially available from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, Minn.).

In another aspect the chimeric polynucleotide molecules are contained in a nucleic acid vector, such as for example a plasmid or viral DNA construct, for subcloning, expression, purification or other routine genetic manipulation suitable for use in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell or organism. In addition, the chimeric polynucleotide molecules may optionally contain additional coding or non-coding sequences, inserted by genetic manipulation in between regions coding for lymphokine or lymphokine receptor portions. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid encoding the interleukin or portion thereof, is disposed in tandem linkage with a interleukin receptor portion. In still further embodiments, a linker sequence is inserted between the terminal codon of the first nucleic acid and the first codon of the second nucleic acid. These linkers may be of any length and type suitable, and may be used, for example, to reduce steric constraints on polypeptide folding, introduce a protease or nuclease cleavage site, provide a convenient site for chemical modification, conjugation or other functional element.

In preferred embodiments, the candidate protein is a human protein. In other embodiments, the candidate protein is a eukaryotic protein, for example, a mammalian protein, or a mouse protein. In another aspect, the invention features a transgenic cell or organism that contains a transgene encoding a an interleukin, an interleukin receptor or portion thereof, and/or a chimeric interleukin/interleukin receptor polypeptide. In another aspect, the invention relates to one or more genetically altered cell lines that contain the polynucleotide constructs of the invention, such as, for example, by incorporation into the genomic DNA of the cell, retention episomally or as part of an artificial chromosome. In a related aspect, the present invention relates to the expression by a modified host cell of a nucleic acid encoding individual components or the entire polypeptide complex of the invention. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes a protein that is normally exogenous to the transgenic cell. In some embodiments, the transgene encodes a human protein. In some embodiments, the transgene is linked to a heterologous promoter. In other embodiments, the transgene is linked to its native promoter.

In another aspect, the invention relates to antibodies, for example, polyclonal, monoclonal, or chimeric, that recognize and bind to discrete epitopes of the polypeptide complex of the invention or components thereof. In certain aspects, the invention relates to the administration of antibodies specific to the components of the complex of the invention, the complex of the invention, to other lymphokines, other lymphokine receptors or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the invention comprises an interleukin, for example IL-2, IL-7, or IL-15, pre-coupled to a antibody specific for said interleukin. In other embodiments, the methods of the invention include method for treating a disease in an individual comprising administering an effective amount of a pre-coupled complex comprising an interleukin and an antibody specific for said interleukin to an individual in need thereof.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to methods for producing an immunomodulatory therapeutic comprising a pre-coupled complex of at least one lymphokine polypeptide or portion thereof, and at least one lymphokine receptor polypeptide or portion thereof. In certain embodiments, the invention includes methods for creating the complex of the invention in vitro comprising expressing or synthesizing of component polypeptides, isolating the polypeptides, purifying and/or concentrating the polypeptides, and forming of the complex. In this aspect, the invention relates to creating the pre-coupled polypeptide complex of the invention from polypeptides isolated from a host cell or cell extract in which each polypeptide component of the complex is expressed from two discrete nucleic acids or as a single open reading from comprising a chimera comprising the interleukin and interleukin receptor linked, in frame, in tandem. The purification can be performed by chromatographic means known to one of ordinary skill in the art and may include, for example, affinity purification, size exclusion, ion exchange, hydroxyapatite, HPLC, and the like.

In another aspect, the invention relates to methods for inducing, enhancing or inhibiting immune cell activity and proliferation comprising administering an effective amount of a pre-coupled polypeptide complex to an individual in need thereof, wherein the pre-coupled polypeptide complex comprises at least one lymphokine or portion thereof and at least one lymphokine receptor or portion thereof. In a related aspect of the invention, the complex may be used to augment a host organism's immunity or immune response to antigen, such as for example, a bacteria, a virus, a protein, a peptide, a nucleic acid, and the like. All of the preceding objects of the invention contemplate the use of IL-15, IL-2, IL-15Ra, or IL-2Ra polypeptides, portions, and combinations thereof. In yet another aspect, the invention includes methods of treating an organism, comprising administering to an organism a vector encoding one or more of SEQ ID NO: 1-4, and 13-16.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a pre-coupled polypeptide complex useful for increasing the proliferation and survival of memory T cells, B cells, and NK cells. As such, administration of the therapeutic of the present invention can also be used to enhance pre-existing immunity (e.g. previously vaccinated individuals) without the need for an actual vaccine booster. In certain aspects the therapeutic of the invention is administered, for example, for the augmentation of vaccination, for enhancing immunity in SCID or AIDS patients, and for the treatment of cancers.

In still other aspects, the pre-coupled polypeptide complex of the invention is useful for inhibiting a host organism's immune response in cases where it is a detriment to the organism. For example, the complex of the invention may be used to inhibit a host organism's immunity or immune response to antigen, for example an auto-antigen, as observed in individuals suffering from autoimmune diseases and conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or Lupus. In certain embodiments of this aspect of the invention the pre-coupled polypeptide complex comprises lymphokine and lymphokine receptor polypeptides or portions thereof, which are unable to activate immune cells or stimulate their proliferation. For example, the polypeptide components of the complex may contain mutations, deletions, insertions or chemical modifications that inhibit signaling via the IL-2 or IL-15 pathways.

In any of the above-described aspects, the pre-coupled polypeptide complex can be administered in any pharmaceutically acceptable form (e.g., liquid, powder, pill, controlled release formula, etc. . . . ), via any suitable route (e.g., intravenous, oral, parenteral, subdermal, topical, anal, nasal, etc. . . . ), and optionally with any pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, and/or in combination with other active ingredients (e.g., NSAIDS, Immunosuppressants, Anti-histamines, Anti-oncogenics, Antibiotics, Sulfonamides, etc. . . . ). The preceeding are given by way of non-limiting example, and the particular formulation may vary in any number of ways, which are expressly incorporated herein, depending on a multitude of factors which will be recognizable by one of ordinary skill in the art.

In yet another aspect the present invention relates to a kit comprising a suitable container, the pre-coupled polypeptide complex of the invention or the components therefore in a pharmaceutically acceptable form disposed therein, and instructions for its use.

In another aspect, the current invention relates to the production of libraries containing mutated and modified nucleic acids for use in the methods described, and the nucleic acids identified therein.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of detecting the presence of a lymphokine-lymphokine receptor polypeptide complex in a sample. In the method, a sample is contacted with a compound or antibody that selectively binds under conditions allowing for formation of a complex between the polypeptide. The complex is detected, if present, thereby identifying the polypeptide complex within the sample. Also included in the invention is a method of detecting the presence of a lymphokine-lymphokine receptor chimeric nucleic acid molecule in a sample by contacting the sample with a lymphokine or lymphokine receptor nucleic acid probe or primer, and detecting whether the nucleic acid probe or primer bound to a lymphokine-lymphokine receptor chimeric nucleic acid molecule the sample.

Additional advantageous features and functionalities associated with the systems, methods and processes of the present invention will be apparent from the detailed description which follows. The publications and other materials used herein to illuminate the background of the invention, and in particular cases, to provide additional details respecting the practice, are incorporated by reference, and for convenience are listed in the appended bibliography.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Co-administration of pre-coupled IL-15+IL-15Ra-Fc enhances CD8+ T cell proliferative response to exogenous IL-15. On day −1 mice received about 1×10⁷ congenic CFSE-labeled, CD8-enriched lymphocytes i.v. and were treated i.p. on day 0 with PBS; IL-15 (about 2.5 μg); or IL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg) with IL-15 (2.5 μg). CD8+ splenocytes were analyzed on day 4 by flow cytometry for CFSE fluorescence and CD45.1 expression (top panels); or CD45.1+ CD8+ cells were analyzed for CFSE fluorescence and CD44 expression (middle panels). Bottom panels: On day −1 mice received CFSE-labeled CD8+ T cell enriched splenocytes containing about 6.5×10⁵ tetramer+ OVA-specific memory CD8+ T cells and were treated on day 0 with PBS, IL-15 (about 2.5 μg) or IL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg) with IL-15 (about 2.5 μg). Donor tetramer+ splenocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry on day 4 for CFSE fluorescence. IL-15Ra-Fc treatment alone had no effect on proliferation (data not shown). Data are representative of 3 similar experiments with 3 mice per group.

FIG. 2. NK cells are highly responsive to pre-coupled IL-15+IL-15Ra-Fc. On day −1, mice received about 1.5×10⁷ congenic CFSE-labeled lymphocytes i.v. and on day 0 were treated with PBS, IL-15 (about 2.5 μg), or IL-15 (about 2.5 μg)+IL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg) i.p. Spleen cells were analyzed by flow cytometry on day 4. Samples were gated on the indicated in the donor population. Data is representative of 2 experiments with 3 mice per group.

FIG. 3. CD8+ T cells rapidly divide in response to pre-coupled IL-15+IL-15Ra-Fc treatment. On day −1 mice received about 1×10⁷ congenic CFSE-labeled, CD8 enriched lymphocytes i.v. and were treated with PBS or IL-15 (about 2.5 μg)+IL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg) on day 0. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry on days 1-4. Samples shown are gated on live donor CD8 T cells. Data are representative of 2 experiments with at least 3 mice per group. PBS treatment had no effect on cell division (data not shown).

FIG. 4. Coadministration of IL-15Ra-Fc with IL-15 greatly enhances IL-15 potency. (a) On day −1 mice received about 1.5×10⁶ congenic CFSE-labeled, CD8 enriched lymphocytes i.v. and on day 0 received either PBS (not shown), IL-15 (about 5 μg) or varying doses of IL-15 with IL-15Ra-Fc (about 2.5 μg+15 μg, about 0.5 μg+3 μg, about 0.1 μg+0.6 μg, or about 0.02 μg+0.12 μg) i.p. (b) On day −1 each mouse received about 4.5×10⁶ congenic CFSE-labeled, CD8 enriched lymphocytes i.v. and on day 0 received either PBS (not shown), IL-15 (about 0.5 μg)+IL-15Ra-Fc (about 3 μg), or varying doses of IL-15 (about 12.5 μg, 25 μg, or 37.5 μg) i.p. CD8+ splenocytes were analyzed on day 4 for CFSE dilution by flow cytometry.

FIG. 5. Activity of complexed IL-15+IL-15Ra-Fc requires IL-2Ra but not IL-15Ra expression by responding cells. (a) On day −1 IL-15Ra−/− mice received congenic CFSE-labeled, CD8 enriched IL-15Ra−/− lymphocytes i.v. and on day 0 were treated with PBS, IL-15 (about 2.5 μg) or IL-15 (about 2.5 μg)+IL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg) i.p. On day 4 CD8+ donor splenocytes were analyzed for CFSE fluorescence and CD44 and CD122 expression. (b) On day −1 normal mice received congenic CFSE-labeled wild type or IL-2/IL-15Ra−/− splenocytes i.v. and on day 0 were treated with either PBS or IL-15 (about 2.5 μg)+IL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg) i.p. CD8+ donor splenocytes were analyzed for CFSE dilution on day 4 by flow cytometry.

FIG. 6. Pre-coupled IL-15+IL-15Ra-Fc driven proliferation of CD8+ T cells requires MHC class I expression, but does not require IL-7 or DC. (a) On day −1 B6 and beta2m−/− mice received a mixture of normal B6 and naïve OT-1-RAG−/− CFSE-labeled CD8+ T cells and on day 0 were treated with either PBS or IL-15 (about 2.5 μg)+IL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg). (b) On day −1 IL-7+/− or IL-7−/− mice received congenic CFSE-labeled CD8-enriched lymphocytes. On day 0, mice received IL-15 (about 2.5 μg)+IL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg) i.p. (c) On day −1 chimeras produced with B6 or CD11c-DTR bone marrow received splenocytes i.v and on day 0 were treated with either PBS or IL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg)+IL-15 (about 2.5 μg) i.p. All mice were treated with DT on days 0, 1, and 3. In all cases donor CD8+ splenocytes were analyzed for CFSE dilution on day 4.

FIG. 7. Naïve CD8+ T cells acquire effector phenotype and function in response to pre-coupled IL-15+IL-15Ra-Fc treatment. On day −1 mice received a mixture of naïve and memory OT-1-RAG−/− cells (a) or only naïve OT-1-RAG−/− cells (b-d), and were treated with either PBS or rmIL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg) with IL-15 (about 2.5 μg) on day 0. Four days later splenocytes were examined for (a) CFSE intensity, (b) percentage of donor OT-I and CD44 expression. (c) On day −1 mice received about 7×10⁵ naïve OT-1-RAG−/− cells and on day 0 were treated with PBS, IL-15 (about 2.5 μg), IL-15 (about 2.5 μg)+IL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg), or about 1×10⁵ pfu VSV-OVA. On day 4 splenocytes were incubated in vitro with or without SIINFEKL peptide for about 5 hours and the production of IFN-a was analyzed by intracellular staining. (d) On day −1 mice received about 2×10⁶ naïve OT-1-RAG−/− cells and were treated with PBS or IL-15 (about 2.5 μg)+IL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg) i.p or about 1×10⁵ pfu of VSV-OVA i.v. On day 4 posttreatment each mouse received a mixture of CFSE-labeled (about 0.25 μM) non-peptide pulsed splenocytes and CFSE-labeled (about 2.5 μM) SIINFEKL peptide pulsed splenocytes. Four hours later splenocytes were analyzed for the presence of the CFSE-labeled target populations.

FIG. 8. Pre-coupled IL-15+IL-15Ra-Fc treatment generates memory cells from naïve CD8+ T cells. On day one, B6 mice received about 6×10⁶ CFSE-labeled naïve OT-1-RAG−/− cells and on day 0 were treated i.p. with PBS or IL-15 (about 2.5 μg)+IL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg). 44 days later splenocytes were analyzed for percentage of donor OT-I CD8+ T cells (top panels) and OT-I expression of CD44 and CD122 (middle and bottom panels).

FIG. 9. Example of a IL-15+IL-15Ra-Fc fusion protein of the Invention—mouse version of the fusion protein. In this example, the general construct includes an IL-2 signal peptide for enhanced expression and processing, the IL-15 gene or portion thereof, a variable linker region to promote steric freedom and protein folding (may be of any desired length or sequence), the soluble or extracellular portion of the IL-15Ra gene, and the Fc portion of a human IgG. The genes or portions thereof of the human homologs can be substituted in a similar fashion. Similarly, IL-2 and IL-2Ra genes or portions thereof can be substituted in a chimeric construct, which also includes combinations with IL-15 or IL-15Ra genes or portions thereof.

FIG. 10. The IL-15+IL-15Ra fusion protein elicits proliferation of CD8+ T cells and NK Cells. CFSE-labeled lymphocytes were transferred to normal mice that were then treated with ˜10 μg of the Il-15+IL-15Ra fusion protein. Four days later, spleen cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry.

FIG. 11. Liver Cancer Burden Reduced by IL-15+IL-15Ra Protein Complex in Mice. About 1×10⁵ B6-F1 melanoma cells were injected intrasplenically (which directs tumors to the liver). On days 1 and 7 days later mice were treated with PBS (control), 2.5 μg IL-15 or 2.5 μg IL-15+IL-15Ra complex. Fourteen days after inoculation tumors were counted in the liver and the spleens were weighed.

FIG. 12. Complexing IL-15 to IL-15Ra greatly enhances half-life and bioavailability in vivo. (A) 2.5 μg of human IL-15 alone or pre-complexed to IL-15Ra was administered to mice by intraperitoneal injection. At the indicated times, serum was obtained and tested by ELISA for the presence of IL-15. The total IL-15 present was calculated from a standard concentration curve. (B) Half-life was calculated from the linear portion of the decay curve in A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In examples of the compositions and methods of preferred embodiments, the useful and advantageous generation of therapeutic polypeptides is presented. In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to a therapeutic polypeptide complex comprising a lymphokine or portions thereof, and a lymphokine receptor or portions thereof. The term “lymphokine receptor” or “interleukin receptor” refers to the transmembrane receptors for a respective lymphokine or interleukin, and in some embodiments may comprise an antibody capable of binding said lymphokine or interleukin. In this context the antibody functions effectively as the “receptor” for the lymphokine or interleukin polypeptide.

Without being restricted to any particular theory, the inventors hypothesize that the activity of the therapeutic of the invention results from a process termed, “trans-presentation” in which the receptor portion of the polypeptide complex functions to present the signaling molecule portion to its respective receptor(s) on the target cell's surface. For example, experimental evidence indicates that IL-15Ra trans-presents IL-15 to T cells and other cells in vivo through the beta and gamma chains of the IL-15 receptor. The theory is supported by in vivo results in mice that show IL-15 alone had little activity but the pre-coupled IL-15+IL-15Ra complex had substantial activity on driving memory T cell proliferation (one of the hallmarks of IL-15 activity) as shown in FIG. 1, and reducing tumor burden Table 1. By pre-coupling IL-15 to the IL-15Ra chain the biological activity of IL-15 was greatly augmented in mice (FIGS. 1-8, and 10-12).

Unless clearly indicated to the contrary, the following definitions supplement definitions of terms known in the art.

The term “nucleic acid” refers to deoxyribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleic acids, ribonucleotides, and ribonucleic acids, and polymeric forms thereof, and includes either single- or double-stranded forms. Also, unless expressly limited, the term “nucleic acid” includes known analogues of natural nucleotides, for example, peptide nucleic acids (“PNA”s), that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid. In addition, in any of the preferred embodiments, a particular nucleotide or nucleic acid sequence includes conservative variations (e.g. degenerate codon substitutions; see below), complementary sequences, as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. A degenerate codon substitution is one in which the third position of one or more selected codons is substituted with any nucleotide which results in the same amino acid. The term nucleic acid is generic to the terms “gene,” “DNA,” “cDNA,” “oligonucleotide,” “RNA,” “mRNA,” “nucleotide,” “polynucleotide,” and the like.

As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to a series of linked nucleotide residues. A short oligonucleotide sequence may be based on, or designed from, a genomic or cDNA sequence and is used to amplify, confirm, or reveal the presence of an identical, similar or complementary DNA or RNA in a particular cell or tissue. Oligonucleotides comprise a nucleic acid sequence having about 10 nt, 50 nt, or 100 nt in length, preferably about 15 nt to 30 nt in length. In one embodiment of the invention, an oligonucleotide comprising a nucleic acid molecule less than 100 nt in length would further comprise at least 6 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NOS: 1-4, or 13-16. Oligonucleotides may be chemically synthesized and may also be used as probes.

A “recombinant” nucleic acid is any nucleic acid produced by an in vitro or artificial (meaning not naturally occurring) process or by recombination of two or more nucleic acids.

The term “gene” is used broadly to refer to any segment of nucleic acid associated with expression of a given RNA or protein. Thus, genes include regions encoding expressed RNAs (which typically include polypeptide coding sequences) and, often, the regulatory sequences required for their expression. Genes can be obtained from a variety of sources, including cloning from a source of interest or synthesizing from known or predicted sequence information, and may include sequences designed to have specifically desired parameters.

In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule that is a complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1-4, and 13-16. As used herein, the term “complementary” refers to Watson-Crick or Hoogsteen base pairing between nucleotides units of a nucleic acid molecule, and the term “binding” means the physical or chemical interaction between two polypeptides or compounds or associated polypeptides or compounds or combinations thereof. Binding includes ionic, non-ionic, van der Waals, hydrophobic interactions, and the like. A physical interaction can be either direct or indirect. Indirect interactions may be through or due to the effects of another polypeptide or compound. Direct binding refers to interactions that do not take place through, or due to, the effect of another polypeptide or compound, but instead are without other substantial chemical intermediates. “Fragments” provided herein are defined as sequences of at least 6 (contiguous) nucleic acids or at least 4 (contiguous) amino acids, a length sufficient to allow for specific hybridization in the case of nucleic acids or for specific recognition of an epitope in the case of amino acids, and are at most some portion less than a full length sequence. Fragments may be derived from any contiguous portion of a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence of choice. A full-length clone is identified as containing an ATG translation start codon and an in-frame stop codon. Any disclosed NOVX nucleotide sequence lacking an ATG start codon therefore encodes a truncated C-terminal fragment of the respective polypeptide, and requires that the corresponding full-length cDNA extend in the 5′ direction of the disclosed sequence. Any disclosed nucleotide sequence lacking an in-frame stop codon similarly encodes a truncated N-terminal fragment of the respective polypeptide, and requires that the corresponding full-length cDNA extend in the 3′ direction of the disclosed sequence.

The term “host cell” includes a cell that might be used to carry a heterologous nucleic acid, or expresses a peptide or protein encoded by a heterologous nucleic acid. A host cell can contain genes that are not found within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell, genes found in the native form of the cell where the genes are modified and re-introduced into the cell by artificial means, or a nucleic acid endogenous to the cell that has been artificially modified without removing the nucleic acid from the cell. A host cell may be eukaryotic or prokaryotic. For example, bacteria cells may be used to carry or clone nucleic acid sequences or express polypeptides. General growth conditions necessary for the culture of bacteria can be found in texts such as BERGEY'S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY, Vol. 1, N. R. Krieg, ed., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore/London (1984). A “host cell” can also be one in which the endogenous genes or promoters or both have been modified to produce one or more of the polypeptide components of the complex of the invention.

“Derivatives” are nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences formed from the native compounds either directly, by modification, or by partial substitution. “Analogs” are nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences that have a structure similar to, but not identical to, the native compound, e.g. they differ from it in respect to certain components or side chains. Analogs may be synthetic or derived from a different evolutionary origin and may have a similar or opposite metabolic activity compared to wild type. Homologs are nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences of a particular gene that are derived from different species.

Derivatives and analogs may be full length or other than full length. Derivatives or analogs of the nucleic acids or proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, molecules comprising regions that are substantially homologous to the nucleic acids or proteins of the invention, in various embodiments, by at least about 30%, 45%, 70%, 80%, or 95% identity (with a preferred identity of 80-95%) over a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence of identical size or when compared to an aligned sequence in which the alignment is done by a computer homology program known in the art, or whose encoding nucleic acid is capable of hybridizing to the complement of a sequence encoding the proteins of the invention under stringent, moderately stringent, or low stringent conditions. See e.g. Ausubel, et al., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1993. Nucleic acid derivatives and modifications include those obtained by gene replacement, site-specific mutation, deletion, insertion, recombination, repair, shuffling, endonuclease digestion, PCR, subcloning, and related techniques.

“Homologs” can be naturally occurring, or created by artificial synthesis of one or more nucleic acids having related sequences, or by modification of one or more nucleic acid to produce related nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are homologous when they are derived, naturally or artificially, from a common ancestor sequence (e.g., orthologs or paralogs). If the homology between two nucleic acids is not expressly described, homology can be inferred by a nucleic acid comparison between two or more sequences. If the sequences demonstrate some degree of sequence similarity, for example, greater than about 30% at the primary amino acid structure level, it is concluded that they share a common ancestor. The degree of similarity will vary and important factors include for example, the degree of overall similarity, the degree of similarity within specific regions of the coding sequence, the similarity of noncoding sequence, and the activity of the polypeptide. For purposes of the present invention, genes are homologous if the nucleic acid sequences are sufficiently similar to allow recombination.

The terms “homology” or “identity,” in the context of two or more nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or similar, and have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the sequence comparison algorithms such as BLAST, ClustalW, or other algorithms available to persons of skill or by visual inspection. For sequence comparison and homology determination, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters. Other determinations of homology include hybridization of nucleic acids under stringent conditions.

The phrase “hybridizing,” refers to the binding, duplexing, or hybridizing of a molecule only to a particular nucleotide sequence under stringent conditions, including when that sequence is present in a complex mixture (e.g., total cellular) DNA or RNA.

The term “pre-coupled” as used herein, refers to a situation where individual polypeptide components are combined to form the active complex prior to activation or binding at the target site, for example, an immune cell. This includes the situation where the individual polypeptide complex components are synthesized or recombinantly expressed and subsequently isolated and combined to form a complex, in vitro, prior to administration to an organism; the situation where a chimeric or fusion polypeptide (i.e., each discrete protein component of the complex is contained in a single polypeptide chain) is synthesized or recombinantly expressed as an intact complex; and/or the situation where individual polypeptide complex components are administered simultaneously to an individual, for example, intravenously, and form complexes in situ or in vivo.

“Conservative mutations” of a nucleic acid sequence refers to those nucleotides that encode identical or essentially identical amino acid sequences, or where the nucleotide does not encode an amino acid sequence, to essentially identical sequences. This is based on the fact that the genetic code is “degenerate,” that is to say a number of distinct nucleic acids encode for the same amino acid. For instance, the codons GTT, GTA, GTC, and GTG all encode the amino acid valine. Thus, at every position where a valine is specified by a codon, the codon can be altered to any of the corresponding codons described without altering the encoded polypeptide. Such nucleic acid variations are “silent mutations,” which are one species of “conservative mutation.” Unless otherwise described every nucleotide sequence described herein which encodes an amino acid also includes every possible silent variation. One of ordinary skill will recognize that each codon in a nucleic acid (except ATG, which is ordinarily the only codon for methionine) can be modified to yield a functionally identical molecule by standard techniques. Accordingly, in each instance where mutagenesis is used each “silent mutation” of a nucleic acid, which encodes an amino acid, is implicitly included.

Furthermore, one of ordinary skill will recognize that “conservative mutations” also include the substitution, deletion or addition of nucleic acids that alter, add or delete a single amino acid or a small number of amino acids in a coding sequence where the nucleic acid alterations result in the substitution of a chemically similar amino acid. Amino acids that may serve as conservative substitutions for each other include the following: Basic: Arginine (R), Lysine (K), Histidine (H); Acidic: Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E), Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q); hydrophilic: Glycine (G), Alanine (A), Valine (V), Leucine (L), Isoleucine (I); Hydrophobic: Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W); Sulfur-containing: Methionine (M), Cysteine (C). In addition, sequences that differ by conservative variations are generally homologous.

A “subsequence” refers to a sequence of nucleic acids or amino acids that comprise a part of a longer sequence of nucleic acids or amino acids (e.g., polypeptide) respectively.

A nucleic acid “operon” includes a gene that is situated in a functional relationship with other nucleic acid sequences, for example, a promoter, an enhancer, termination signals, or another gene if it increases the transcription of the coding sequence.

“Mutagenesis” as used herein includes such techniques known in the art as PCR mutagenesis, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, site-directed mutagenesis, random mutagenesis, error-prone PCR mutagenesis, etc., and reiterative sequence recombination by any of the techniques described herein.

Descriptions of the molecular biological techniques useful to the practice of the invention including mutagenesis, PCR, cloning, and the like include Berger and Kimmel, GUIDE TO MOLECULAR CLONING TECHNIQUES, METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY, volume 152, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif. (Berger); Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING—A LABORATORY MANUAL (2nd Ed.), Vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989, and CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; Berger, Sambrook, and Ausubel, as well as Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202 (1987); PCR PROTOCOLS A GUIDE TO METHODS AND APPLICATIONS (Innis et al. eds), Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif. (1990) (Innis); Arnheim & Levinson (Oct. 1, 1990) C&EN 36-47; Lueng, et al., A method for random mutagenesis of a defined DNA segment using a modified polymerase chain reaction. Technique: J Methods Cell Molec Biol 1(1):11-15 (1989), which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. Exemplary methods of the present invention include performing sequence mutagenesis, recombination, or both, and screening or selection of individual genes.

As used herein, the terms “lymphokine,” “interleukin,” “IL-15,” or “IL-2” is used to refer collectively to all forms of the corresponding polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences including, for example the full length sequence, segments, domains or discrete portions, substitutions, insertion and deletion mutants, chimeras with the same or other lymphokines, isoforms, splice variants, and any combinations thereof.

As used herein, the terms “IL-15Ra,” or “IL-2Ra” is used to refer collectively to all forms of the corresponding polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences including, for example the full length sequence, segments, domains or discrete portions, substitutions, insertion and deletion mutants, chimeras with the same or other lymphokine receptors, isoforms, splice variants, and any combinations thereof.

Nucleic Acid Molecules

In some embodiments, the invention comprises nucleic acids and polynucleotide molecules that encode a lymphokine or portions thereof, and nucleic acids and polynucleotide molecules that encode a lymphokine receptor or portions thereof. In any of the nucleic acid embodiments, the invention contemplates the use of polynucleotides that encode substantially the full length protein, wild type or mutant polypeptides; discrete segments, domains, subdomains, fragments, deletion or insertion mutations; chimeras; and isoforms and splice variants. In certain of the preferred embodiments, the invention comprises nucleic acids comprising a polynucleotide segment encoding at least one lymphokine or portion thereof; contiguous with a polynucleotide segment encoding at least one lymphokine receptor or portion thereof within a single open-reading-frame or ORF (i.e., start codon to stop codon). In certain embodiments, the nucleic acids of the invention comprise at least one additional polynucleotide segment comprising a transcription regulatory sequences (e.g., promoters, inducible promoters, enhancers, and the like); fusion protein sequences (e.g., His-tag, GST, GFP, antibody Fc portions, antibiotic resistance, signal peptides, and the like); and/or linker sequences disposed at the 5′ end, 3′ end or at a location within the polypeptide encoding sequences; and/or combinations thereof. In any of the embodiments described herein, the polynucleotides of the invention may also be disposed in a suitable viral vector, bacterial plasmid, or artificial chromosome suitable for cloning and/or expression in a eukaryotic cell or cell extract, prokaryotic cell or cell extract, and/or combinations thereof.

Many techniques for the cloning, subcloning, and transfer of recombinant nucleic acids into a plasmid vector or a host cell or both, and techniques for library screening and selection, are known in the art, and each of these formats and/or techniques is generally applicable to the present invention. For example, texts that disclose general techniques for manipulating nucleic acids of use in this invention include “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” (Ausubel et al., eds., 1994)); Sambrook et al., “Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual” (2nd ed. 1989); and Kriegler, “Gene Transfer and Expression: A Laboratory Manual” (1990), the contents and relevant teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to vectors, preferably expression vectors, containing a nucleic acid encoding SEQ ID NOs: 5-12, or derivatives, fragments or homologs thereof. As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been “operably linked.” One type of vector is a “plasmid”, which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome. Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively-linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as “expression vectors”. In general, expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids. In the present specification, “plasmid” and “vector” can be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector. However, the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.

The recombinant expression vectors of the invention comprise a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell, which means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory sequences, selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, that is operatively-linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed. Within a recombinant expression vector, “operably-linked” is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory sequence(s) in a manner that allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g., in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell).

The term “regulatory sequence” is intended to include promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Regulatory sequences include those that direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cell and those that direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, etc. The expression vectors of the invention can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce proteins or peptides, including fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein. The recombinant expression vectors of the invention can be designed for expression of proteins in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. For example, proteins can be expressed in bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli, insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors) yeast cells or mammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussed further in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Alternatively, the recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.

Expression of proteins in prokaryotes is most often carried out in Escherichia coli with vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters directing the expression of either fusion or non-fusion proteins. Fusion vectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein, usually to the amino terminus of the recombinant protein. Such fusion vectors typically serve three purposes: (i) to increase expression of recombinant protein; (ii) to increase the solubility of the recombinant protein; and (iii) to aid in the purification of the recombinant protein by acting as a ligand in affinity purification. Often, in fusion expression vectors, a proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety and the recombinant protein to enable separation of the recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to purification of the fusion protein. Such enzymes, and their cognate recognition sequences, include Factor Xa, thrombin and enterokinase. Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Pharmacia Biotech Inc; Smith and Johnson, 1988. Gene 67: 31-40), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) that fuse glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to the target recombinant protein.

Examples of suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli expression vectors include pTrc (Amrann et al., (1988) Gene 69:301-315) and pET 11d (Studier et al., GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 60-89).

One strategy to maximize recombinant protein expression in E. coli is to express the protein in a host bacteria with an impaired capacity to proteolytically cleave the recombinant protein. See, e.g., Gottesman, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 119-128. Another strategy is to alter the nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid to be inserted into an expression vector so that the individual codons for each amino acid are those preferentially utilized in E. coli (see, e.g., Wada, et al., 1992. Nucl. Acids Res. 20: 2111-2118). Such alteration of nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be carried out by standard DNA synthesis techniques. In another embodiment, the expression vector is a yeast expression vector. Examples of vectors for expression in yeast Saccharomyces cerivisae include pYepSec (Baldari, et al., 1987. EMBO J. 6: 229-234), pMFa (Kurjan and Herskowitz, 1982. Cell 30: 933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz et al., 1987. Gene 54: 113-123), pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), and picZ (InVitrogen Corp, San Diego, Calif.). Alternatively, the polypeptides can be expressed in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors. Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells (e.g., SF9 cells) include the pAc series (Smith, et al., 1983. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3: 2156-2165) and the pVL series (Lucklow and Summers, 1989. Virology 170: 31-39).

In yet another embodiment, a nucleic acid of the invention is expressed in mammalian cells using a mammalian expression vector. Examples of mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8 (Seed, 1987. Nature 329: 840) and pMT2PC (Kaufmnan, et al., 1987. EMBO J. 6: 187-195). When used in mammalian cells, the expression vector's control functions are often provided by viral regulatory elements. For example, commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus, and simian virus 40. For other suitable expression systems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells see, e.g., Chapters 16 and 17 of Sambrook, et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL. 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989.

In another embodiment, the recombinant mammalian expression vector is capable of directing expression of the nucleic acid preferentially in a particular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory elements are used to express the nucleic acid). Tissue-specific regulatory elements are known in the art. Non-limiting examples of suitable tissue-specific promoters include the albumin promoter (liver-specific; Pinkert, et al., 1987. Genes Dev. 1: 268-277), lymphoid-specific promoters (Calame and Eaton, 1988. Adv. Immunol. 43: 235-275), in particular promoters of T cell receptors (Winoto and Baltimore, 1989. EMBO J. 8: 729-733) and immunoglobulins (Banerji, et al., 1983. Cell 33: 729-740; Queen and Baltimore, 1983. Cell 33: 741-748), neuron-specific promoters (e.g., the neurofilament promoter; Byrne and Ruddle, 1989. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 5473-5477), pancreas-specific promoters (Edlund, et al., 1985. Science 230: 912-916), and mammary gland-specific promoters (e.g., milk whey promoter; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,316 and European Application Publication No. 264,166). Developmentally-regulated promoters are also encompassed, e.g., the murine hox promoters (Kessel and Gruss, 1990. Science 249: 374-379) and the alpha-fetoprotein promoter (Campes and Tilghman, 1989. Genes Dev. 3: 537-546).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the starting nucleic acid segments are first recombined by any of the formats referenced herein to generate a library of recombinant nucleic acids. The library can vary in size, e.g., ranging from about 10 to about 10⁹ members. In general, the initial nucleic acid segments, and the recombinant libraries of nucleic acids generated include full-length coding sequences (i.e., open reading frame (ORF), which includes the start codon, coding sequence, and stop codon), and any essential regulatory sequences, for example, a promoter and polyadenylation sequence, required for expression. However, in the event that the recombinant nucleic acid does not contain these elements, the recombinant nucleic acids in the library can be inserted into a vector that includes the missing sequences prior to screening and selection of recombinant clones.

The recombinant nucleic acid sequences may be combined in an in vivo format which results in a library of recombinant segments capable of expression. Alternatively, the recombination may be performed in vitro, and the recombinant library is introduced into the desired cell type prior to the step of screening and selection. In some embodiments of the invention, the recombinant nucleic acid library is amplified in a first host, and is then recovered from that host and introduced to a second host for reason of expression, selection, or screening, or any other desirable parameter. The manner by which the recombinant nucleic acid is introduced into the host cell depends on the nucleic acid-uptake characteristics of the cell type (e.g., having viral receptors, being capable of conjugation, being naturally competent, and/or requiring DNA-gun or electropulse). After introduction of the library of recombinant DNA genes, the cells may be propagated to allow expression of genes to occur.

In any of the embodiments, the nucleic acids encoding the lymphokine or lymphokine receptor can be present as: one or more naked DNAs; one or more nucleic acids disposed in an appropriate expression vector and maintained episomally; one or more nucleic acids incorporated into the host cell's genome; a modified version of an endogenous gene encoding the components of the complex; one or more nucleic acids in combination with one or more regulatory nucleic acid sequences; or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the host cell's endogenous interleukin and/or interleukin receptor genes are modified using homologous recombination techniques such that the cell produces a combination of interleukin polypeptide, a soluble interleukin receptor polypeptide, and interleukin/interleukin receptor complex polypeptides, which can be isolated and purified using standard techniques. In any of the embodiments, a nucleic acid encoding the lymphokine component comprises a member selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 1, 2, 14, 15, portions and combinations thereof. In addition, in any of the embodiments, a nucleic acid encoding the lymphokine receptor component comprises a member selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 3, 4, 13, 16, portions and combinations thereof. The nucleic acid encoding the lymphokine, lymphokine receptor portion, and/or lymphokine/lymphokine receptor chimera may optionally comprise a linker peptide or fusion protein component, for example, His-Tag, FLAG-Tag, GFP, GST, an antibody portion, a signal peptide, and the like, at the 5′ end, the 3′ end, or at any location within the ORF.

In a preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid of the invention comprises a polynucleotide encoding the soluble (i.e., the extracellular) portion of a lymphokine receptor. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the invention comprises a contiguous nucleic acid encoding a signal peptide, a lymphokine, a linker peptide, and the soluble portion of a lymphokine receptor, and the Fc portion of an antibody. Any of the embodiments described herein, can be achieved using standard molecular biological and genetic approaches well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In any of the embodiments a cDNA encoding the open reading frame of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4, and 13-16 or portions thereof can be incorporated into commercially available bacterial expression plasmids such as the pGEM (Promega) or pBluescript (Stratagene) vectors, or eukaryotic expression vectors such as the baculovirus system, pCEP, pcDNA vectors or one of their derivatives.

In certain embodiments, the invention comprises an isolated polynucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide of SEQ ID NOs: 5-12 or portions thereof. By “isolated nucleic acid sequence” is meant a polynucleotide that is not immediately contiguous with either of the coding sequences with which it is immediately contiguous (one on the 5′ end and one on the 3′ end) in the naturally occurring genome of the organism from which it is derived. The term therefore includes, for example, a recombinant DNA which is incorporated into a vector; into an automatically replicating plasmid or virus; or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote, or which exists as a separate molecule (e.g., a cDNA) independent of other sequences. The nucleotides can be modified forms of DNA or RNA. Modifications include but are not limited to known substitutions of a naturally-occurring base, sugar or internucleoside (backbone) linkage with a modified base such as 5-methylcytosine, a modified sugar such as 2′-methoxy and 2′-fluoro sugars, and modified backbones such as phosphorothioate and methyl phosphonate.

A polynucleotide can be a DNA molecule, a cDNA molecule, genomic DNA molecule, or an RNA molecule. A polynucleotide as DNA or RNA can include a sequence wherein T (thymidine) can also be U (uracil). The polynucleotide can be complementary to SEQ ID NOs: 1-4, and 13-16, wherein complementary refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides. For example, if a nucleotide at a certain position of a polynucleotide is capable of forming a Watson-Crick pairing with a nucleotide at the same position in an anti-parallel DNA or RNA strand, then the polynucleotide and the DNA or RNA molecule are complementary to each other at that position. The polynucleotide and the DNA or RNA molecule are substantially complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides that can hybridize with each other in order to effect the desired process. As used herein, hybridization means Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases.

In addition, polynucleotides encoding all or a portion of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4, and 13-16 are included. Such polynucleotides include naturally occurring, synthetic and intentionally manipulated DNA molecules. For example, the polynucleotides may be subjected to site-directed mutagenesis by techniques known in the molecular biology art. There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids, most of which are specified by more than one codon. Therefore, degenerate nucleotide sequences are included. The polynucleotides also include polynucleotides coding for polypeptide analogs, fragments or derivatives of antigenic polypeptides which differ from naturally-occurring forms in terms of the identity or location of one or more amino acid residues (deletion analogs containing less than all of the residues specified for the polypeptide, substitution analogs wherein one or more residues specified are replaced by other residues and addition analogs where in one or more amino acid residues is added to a terminal or medial portion of the polypeptide) and which share some or all properties of naturally-occurring forms. These molecules include the incorporation of codons suitable for expression by selected non-mammalian hosts; the provision of sites for cleavage by restriction endonuclease enzymes; and the provision of additional initial, terminal or intermediate DNA sequences that facilitate construction of readily expressed vectors.

The polynucleotides include polynucleotides that encode polypeptides or full-length proteins that contain substitutions, insertions, or deletions into the protein backbone. Related polypeptides are aligned with by assigning degrees of homology to various deletions, substitutions and other modifications. Homology can be determined along the entire polypeptide or polynucleotide or along subsets of contiguous residues. The percent identity is the percentage of amino acids or nucleotides that are identical when the two sequences are compared. The percent similarity is the percentage of amino acids or nucleotides that are chemically similar when the two sequences are compared. Homologous polypeptides are preferably greater than or equal to 25%, preferably greater than or equal to 30%, more preferably greater than or equal to 35% or most preferably greater than or equal to 40% identical.

Plasmids disclosed herein are either commercially available, publicly available on an unrestricted basis, or can be constructed from available plasmids by routine application of well-known, published procedures. Many plasmids and other cloning and expression vectors are well known and readily available, or those of ordinary skill in the art may readily construct any number of other plasmids suitable for use. These vectors may be transformed into a suitable host cell to form a host cell vector system for the production of a polypeptide having the biological activity of a cellular transporter. Suitable hosts include microbes such as bacteria, yeast, insect or mammalian organisms or cell lines. Examples of suitable bacteria are E. coli and B. subtilis. A preferred yeast vector is pRS426-Gal. Examples of suitable yeast are Saccharomyces and Pichia. Suitable amphibian cells are Xenopus cells. Suitable vectors for insect cell lines include baculovirus vectors. Rat or human cells are preferred mammalian cells.

Transformation of a host cell with recombinant DNA may be carried out by conventional techniques as are well known to those skilled in the art. By “transformation” is meant a permanent or transient genetic change induced in a cell following incorporation of new DNA (i.e., DNA exogenous to the cell). Where the cell is a mammalian cell, a permanent genetic change is generally achieved by introduction of the DNA into the genome of the cell. By “transformed cell” or “host cell” is meant a cell (e.g., prokaryotic or eukaryotic) into which (or into an ancestor of which) has been introduced, by means of recombinant DNA techniques, a DNA molecule encoding a polypeptide of the invention (i.e., an INDY polypeptide), or fragment thereof.

Where the host is prokaryotic, such as E. coli, competent cells which are capable of DNA uptake can be prepared from cells harvested after exponential growth phase and subsequently treated by the CaCl₂ method by procedures well known in the art. Alternatively, MgCl₂ or RbCl can be used. Transformation can also be performed after forming a protoplast of the host cell or by electroporation.

When the host is a eukaryote, such methods of transfection with DNA include calcium phosphate co-precipitates, conventional mechanical procedures such as microinjection, electroporation, insertion of a plasmid encased in liposomes, or virus vectors, as well as others known in the art, may be used. Eukaryotic cells can also be cotransfected with DNA sequences encoding a polypeptide of this disclosure, and a second foreign DNA molecule encoding a selectable phenotype, such as the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene. Another method is to use a eukaryotic viral vector, such as simian virus 40 (SV40) or bovine papilloma virus, to transiently infect or transform eukaryotic cells and express the protein. (Eukaryotic Viral Vectors, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Gluzman ed., 1982). Preferably, a eukaryotic host is utilized as the host cell as described herein. The eukaryotic cell may be a yeast cell (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae) or may be a mammalian cell, including a human cell.

Mammalian cell systems that utilize recombinant viruses or viral elements to direct expression may be engineered. For example, when using adenovirus expression vectors, the nucleic acid sequences encoding a foreign protein may be ligated to an adenovirus transcription/translation control complex, e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This chimeric gene may then be inserted in the adenovirus genome by in vitro or in vivo recombination. Insertion in a non-essential region of the viral genome (e.g., region E1 or E3) will result in a recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing the polypeptides in infected hosts (e.g., Logan & Shenk, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81:3655-3659, 1984).

For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression is preferred. Rather than using expression vectors that contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with the cDNA encoding an interleukin/interleukin receptor fusion protein controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.), and a selectable marker. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci, which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. For example, following the introduction of foreign DNA, engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1 to 2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. A number of selection systems may be used, including but not limited to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al., Cell 11: 233, 1977), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska & Szybalski, Proc. Natl. Sci. U.S.A. 48: 2026, 1962), and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al., Cell 22: 817, 1980) genes can be employed.

In other embodiments, the invention pertains to isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode interleukin polypeptides, interleukin receptor polypeptides, antibody polypeptides, and chimeric interleukin/interleukin receptor polypeptides or biologically active portions thereof. Also included in the invention are nucleic acid fragments sufficient for use as hybridization probes to identify chimeric interleukin/interleukin receptor-encoding nucleic acids and fragments for use as PCR primers for the amplification and/or mutation of chimeric interleukin/interleukin receptor nucleic acid molecules. As used herein, the term “nucleic acid molecule” is intended to include DNA molecules (e.g., cDNA or genomic DNA), RNA molecules (e.g., mRNA), analogs of the DNA or RNA generated using nucleotide analogs, and derivatives, fragments and homologs thereof. The nucleic acid molecule may be single-stranded or double-stranded, but preferably is comprised double-stranded DNA.

In yet another preferred embodiment, the invention includes a method for isolating a nucleic acid of the invention that includes one or more of: (a) recombining nucleic acids from at least two lymphokines or lymphokine receptors to create a library of nucleic acids; (b) transforming the recombinant genes into a competent cell; (c) screening the cells; (d) isolating the desired nucleic acid for further cycles of recombination with another nucleic acid. The method of this invention may also involve the construction of recombinant nucleic acids, plasmid vectors, or both, and the expression of genes in transformed host cells. The molecular cloning techniques required to achieve these goals are well known in the art.

An interleukin encoding nucleic acid can encode a mature interleukin polypeptide. As used herein, a “mature” form of a polypeptide or protein disclosed in the present invention is the product of a naturally occurring polypeptide, precursor form, preproprotein or proprotein. The naturally occurring polypeptide, precursor or proprotein includes, by way of nonlimiting example, the full-length gene product encoded by the corresponding gene. Alternatively, it may be defined as the polypeptide, precursor or proprotein encoded by an ORF described herein. The product “mature” form arises, by way of nonlimiting example, as a result of one or more naturally occurring processing steps that may take place within the cell (host cell) in which the gene product arises. Examples of such processing steps leading to a “mature” form of a polypeptide or protein include the cleavage of the N-terminal methionine (Met) residue encoded by the initiation codon of an ORF or the proteolytic cleavage of a signal peptide or leader sequence. Thus a mature form arising from a precursor polypeptide or protein that has residues 1 to n, where residue 1 is the N-terminal methionine, would have residues 2 through n remaining after removal of the N-terminal methionine. Alternatively, a mature form arising from a precursor polypeptide or protein having residues 1 to n, in which an N-terminal signal sequence from residue 1 to residue Met is cleaved, would have the residues from residue Met+1 to residue n remaining. Further as used herein, a “mature” form of a polypeptide or protein may arise from a post-translational modification other than a proteolytic cleavage event. Such additional processes include, by way of non-limiting example, glycosylation, myristoylation, oligomerization or phosphorylation. In general, a mature polypeptide or protein may result from the operation of only one of these processes, or a combination of any of them.

A nucleic acid of the invention can be amplified using cDNA, mRNA or, alternatively, genomic DNA as a template with appropriate oligonucleotide primers according to standard PCR amplification techniques. Furthermore, oligonucleotides corresponding to SEQ ID NOs: 1-4, and 13-16 and portions and combinations thereof can be prepared by standard synthetic techniques, e.g., using an automated DNA synthesizer.

Polypeptides

The present invention is based on the surprising and unexpected discovery that the therapeutic efficacy of interleukins can be enhanced by precoupling or complexing the interleukin to an interleukin receptor or soluble portion thereof. In certain embodiments, the invention includes methods for forming the therapeutic polypeptide complex of the invention. In one embodiment, the method comprises providing a suitable amount of at least one lymphokine polypeptide or portion thereof, providing a suitable amount of at least one lymphokine receptor polypeptide or portion thereof, admixing the lymphokine and lymphokine receptor polypeptides under suitable pH and ionic conditions for a duration sufficient to allow complex formation, and optionally concentrating or purifying the complex. The polypeptides of the complex can be formed, for example, using a peptide synthesizer according to standard methods; by expressing each component polypeptide separately in a cell or cell extract, then isolating and purifying the polypeptide. Optionally, the therapeutic polypeptide complex of the invention can be formed by expressing both polypeptide components of the complex of the invention in the same cell or cell extract, then isolating and purifying the complexes, for example, using chromatographic techniques, such as affinity chromatography with antibodies to the lymphokine portion, the lymphokine receptor portion, or to the complex. In addition, the invention includes the expression of a chimera or fusion protein comprising an interleukin, in-frame and contiguous with an interleukin receptor or portion thereof.

FIG. 12 demonstrates that the complex of the invention results in a therapeutic composition that exhibits longer half-life in vivo relative to administration of IL-15 alone. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the therapeutic polypeptide complex of the invention comprises at least one lymphokine polypeptide or portion thereof, pre-coupled or complexed with at least one lymphokine receptor, wherein the complex demonstrates an in vivo half-life and efficacy greater than IL-15 alone. In another embodiment, the complex demonstrates an in vivo half-life of greater than about an hour. In one aspect of this embodiment the therapeutic complex of the invention is formed from recombinant polypeptides expressed in a bacterial or eukaryotic cell or through the use of chemically synthesized peptides. In certain embodiments, the lymphokine polypeptide or portion thereof is a member selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 5, 6, 10, 12, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the lymphokine receptor polypeptide or portion thereof is a member selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 7, 8, 9, 11, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the therapeutic complex of the invention demonstrates increased efficacy when administered to an organism in need thereof, compared to the delivery of lymphokine, for example, IL-15 or IL-2, alone.

In another of the preferred embodiments, the invention relates to a method of creating a pre-coupled therapeutic polypeptide complex comprising at least one interleukin, for example, IL-15, IL-2, portions or combinations thereof, pre-coupled or complexed with at least one interleukin receptor, for example, IL-15Ra, IL-2Ra, portions or combinations thereof, generated by incubating the interleukin polypeptide with a soluble interleukin receptor domain or by expressing a novel chimeric nucleic acid molecule comprising the lymphokine polynucleotide segment and the lymphokine receptor polynucleotide segment. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method for pre-coupling a lymphokine and a lymphokine receptor comprising providing a lymphokine portion, and a lymphokine receptor portion, and combining for a suitable amount of time under ionic and pH buffered conditions to allow complex formation. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the lymphokine polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 5, 6, portions or combinations thereof, and the lymphokine receptor polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 7, 8, portions or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the invention includes a method for forming the complex comprising providing the isolated polypeptide components resuspended in a buffer, for example PBS, admixing the polypeptides, and incubating for from about 1 minute to about 60 minutes at from about 26° C. to about 40° C. In a further embodiment, the lymphokine receptor polypeptide comprises a chimera of a lymphokine binding portion and an antibody Fc portion. In a preferred embodiment, SEQ ID NO.: 6 or portions thereof, and SEQ ID NO.: 8-Fc chimeric molecule are both suspended in PBS, mixed, and incubated for from about 20 minutes to about 40 minutes at from about 35° C. to about 39° C.

In another embodiment, there is provided substantially pure polypeptides homologous to SEQ ID NOs: 5-12. A “substantially pure polypeptide” is an interleukin or interleukin receptor polypeptide, or portion thereof that has been separated from components that naturally accompany it. Typically, the polypeptide is substantially pure when it is at least 60%, by weight, free from the proteins and naturally-occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally associated. Preferably, the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by weight, interleukin and/or interleukin receptor polypeptides. A substantially pure polypeptide may be obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source (e.g., a eukaryotic cell); by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide; or by chemically synthesizing the protein. Purity can be measured by any appropriate method, e.g., by column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or by HPLC analysis.

Amino acids essential for the function of interleukin and interleukin receptor polypeptides can be identified according to procedures known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis or alanine-scanning mutagenesis (Cunningham and Wells, Science 244: 1081-1085, 1989; Bass et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4498-4502, 1991). In the latter technique, single alanine mutations are introduced at different residues in the molecule, and the resultant mutant molecules are tested for biological activity (e.g., ligand binding and signal transduction) to identify amino acid residues that are critical to the activity of the molecule. Sites of ligand-protein interaction can also be determined by analysis of crystal structure as determined by such techniques as nuclear magnetic resonance, crystallography or photoaffinity labeling. (See, for example, de Vos et al., Science 255: 306-312, 1992; Smith et al., J. Mol. Biol. 224: 899-904, 1992; Wlodaver et al., FEBS Lett. 309: 59-64, 1992). The identities of essential amino acids can also be inferred from analysis of homologies with related proteins.

Multiple amino acid substitutions can be made and tested using known methods of mutagenesis and screening, such as those disclosed by Reidhaar-Olson and Sauer (Science 241: 53-57, 1988; or Bowie and Sauer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 2152-2156, 1989). Briefly, these authors disclose methods for simultaneously randomizing two or more positions in a polypeptide, selecting for functional polypeptide, and then sequencing the mutagenized polypeptides to determine the spectrum of allowable substitutions at each position. Other methods that can be used include phage display (e.g., Lowman et al., Biochem. 30: 10832-10837, 1991; Ladner et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; Huse, WIPO Publication WO 92/06204) and region-directed mutagenesis (Derbyshire et al., Gene 46: 145, 1986; Ner et al., DNA 7: 127, 1988). Mutagenesis methods as disclosed above can be combined with high-throughput screening methods to detect the activity of cloned, mutagenized proteins in host cells. Mutagenized DNA molecules that encode active proteins or portions thereof (e.g., ligand-binding fragments) can be recovered from the host cells and rapidly sequenced using modern equipment. These methods allow the rapid determination of the importance of individual amino acid residues in a polypeptide of interest, and can be applied to polypeptides of unknown structure.

Using the methods discussed above, one of ordinary skill in the art can prepare a variety of polypeptides that are substantially homologous to SEQ ID NO: 5-12 or allelic variants thereof and retain the properties of the wild-type polypeptides. As expressed and claimed herein the language, “a polypeptide as defined by SEQ ID NO: 5-12” includes all allelic variants and species orthologs of the polypeptides. The term “polypeptide” as used herein includes modified sequences such as glycoproteins, and is specifically intended to cover naturally occurring polypeptides or proteins, as well as those that are recombinantly or synthetically synthesized, which occur in at least two different conformations wherein both conformations have the same or substantially the same amino acid sequence but have different three dimensional structures. “Fragments” are a portion of a naturally occurring protein. Fragments can have the same or substantially the same amino acid sequence as the naturally occurring protein.

The disclosure also encompasses proteins that are functionally equivalent to the interleukin and interleukin receptor gene product, as judged by any of a number of criteria, including but not limited to the resulting biological effect, for example, a change in phenotype such as proliferation of immune cells, changes in gene expression, for example, specific biomarkers which confirm activation of the IL-15 and/or IL-2 signaling pathways. Such functionally equivalent proteins include additions or substitutions of amino acid residues within the amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequences described, but which result in a silent change or “conservative mutation”, thus producing a functionally equivalent gene product. In the case of polypeptide sequences that are less than 100% identical to a reference sequence, the non-identical positions are preferably, but not necessarily, conservative substitutions for the reference sequence. Preferably, conservative amino acid substitutions are made at one or more predicted, non-essential amino acid residues. A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined within the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). Thus, a predicted non-essential amino acid residue in the protein is replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family. Alternatively, in another embodiment, mutations can be introduced randomly along all or part of the coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened for biological activity to identify mutants that retain activity. Following mutagenesis, the encoded protein can be expressed by any recombinant technology known in the art and the activity of the protein can be determined.

The polynucleotides can also be designed to provide additional sequences, such as, for example, the addition of coding sequences for added C-terminal or N-terminal amino acids that would facilitate purification by trapping on columns or use of antibodies. Such tags include, for example, histidine-rich tags that allow purification of polypeptides on Nickel columns. Such gene modification techniques and suitable additional sequences are well known in the molecular biology arts.

In another embodiment, the invention relates to a peptide complex comprising a polypeptide having at least 30% homology to a member selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 5, 6, 10, 12, portions and combinations thereof, with a polypeptide having at least 30% homology to a member selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 7, 8, 9, 11, portions and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the invention relates to a peptide complex comprising a polypeptide having at least 80% homology to a member selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 5, 6, 10, 12, portions and combinations thereof, with a polypeptide having at least 80% homology to a member selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 7, 8, 9, 11, portions and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the invention comprises a member selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 5, 6, 10, 12, portions and combinations thereof, coupled or complexed with a member selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs.: 7, 8, 9, 11, portions and combinations thereof.

Cellular proliferation, for example, immune cell proliferation, decrease in tumor burden or formation or increase in tumor resistance, are parameters that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of the complex of the invention. It will be understood by one skilled in the art that there are many methods for evaluating the proliferative capacity of cells that are suitable for use in the methods of the invention. For example, cells can be labeled in vitro (or in vivo) with BrdU to determine the percent of dividing cells or evaluated using a colony forming assay, as described in Li et al. (1997), supra. Cell suitable for the analysis of proliferative capacity include cells grown in tissue culture, cells isolated from an animal that has been treated with a test compound, cells that are part of a live animal, or cells that are part of a tissue section obtained from an animal.

In more than one embodiment of the above assay methods of the invention, it may be desirable to immobilize either the interleukin, interleukin receptor, or interleukin/interleukin receptor complex to facilitate separation of complexed from uncomplexed forms the proteins. In one embodiment, a interleukin or interleukin receptor fusion protein can be provided that adds a domain that allows one or both of the proteins to be bound to a matrix. For example, GST-fusion proteins or GST-target fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) or glutathione derivatized microtiter plates, and the mixture of interleukin and interleukin receptor is incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads or microtiter plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components, the matrix immobilized in the case of beads, and amount of complex determined either directly or indirectly. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, and the amount or activity determined using standard techniques.

Other techniques for immobilizing proteins on matrices can also be used in the invention. For example, either the proteins can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin. Biotinylated protein molecules can be prepared from biotin-NHS (N-hydroxy-succinimide) using techniques well-known within the art (e.g., biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, Ill.), and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated 96 well plates (Pierce Chemical). Alternatively, antibodies reactive with the interleukin or interleukin receptor polypeptides, but which do not interfere with binding, can be derivatized to the wells of the plate, and protein complexes trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation. Methods for detecting such complexes, in addition to those described above for the GST-immobilized complexes, include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies reactive with the interleukin or interleukin receptor polypeptides, as well as enzyme-linked assays that rely on detecting an enzymatic activity associated with the interleukin or interleukin receptor polypeptides.

Another preferred embodiment relates to methods for modulating, inhibiting or augmenting an immune response comprising administering an effective amount of the therapeutic polypeptide complex of the invention to an individual. Other aspects of this method include the administration of an effective amount of the therapeutic polypeptide complex in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, adjuvant, biologically active agent or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment the invention provides a method for augmenting the immunity of an organism in need thereof by the administration of a pre-coupled complex of a lymphokine and lymphokine receptor that demonstrates a substantially longer in vivo half-life, and substantially greater efficacy than the lymphokine alone. In addition, this embodiment also includes a method of driving homeostatic proliferation of lymphokine responsive immune cells, for example, T cells, B cells, NK cells or the like. In certain of the preferred embodiments, the present embodiment includes the use of a lymphokine receptor molecule which contains a human immunoglobulin Fc fragment. For example, an IL-15Ra-Fc construct is commercially available from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, Minn.). Additionally, it will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art that the lymphokine receptor domain of the complex of the invention may optionally have the immunoglobulin Fc fragment removed.

In another embodiment, the present invention includes a method for applying the complex as an adjuvant to increase immune responses to cancer, infection, or to augment vaccination of any kind. In one aspect of this embodiment the complex of the invention is used to enhance immune system reconstitution following bone marrow, stem cell transplantation or in cases of immunodeficiency such as AIDS. The present invention also includes a method of using the complex of the invention to assist in the growth of lymphocytes in vitro which may then be used for adoptive immunotherapy comprising providing a patient; removing a volume of blood from the patient and isolating the patient's lymphocytes; treating the lymphocytes with an effective amount of the complex of the invention; and administering the treated lymphocytes back into the patient.

In still another of the preferred embodiments, the invention includes a method of using the complex modified to be used as an antagonist of lymphokine activity, for example, IL-15. For example, through sequence modifications of a lymphokine or lymphokine receptor, for example, IL-15 or IL-15Ra, the combined complex could be rendered an inhibitor of the lymphokine activity in vivo. Such a molecule could have potential therapeutic effects in inhibiting autoimmunity, transplant rejection or graft-versus host disease.

In any of the preferred embodiments, any of the possible recombinant forms of the lymphokine/lymphokine receptor complex molecule are contemplated. For example, a single chain polypeptide molecule produced from a genetic construct containing the lymphokine gene, for example, IL-2, IL-15, portions or combinations thereof, fused to the lymphokine receptor gene, for example, IL-2Ra, IL-15Ra, portions or combinations thereof, and optionally the Fc portion of an antibody. In certain embodiments the genetic construct can further include one or more nucleic acid sequences that encode a linker polypeptides. In addition to serving to relieve steric or conformational restraints in the complex, it is conceivable that the linker sequence could impart other qualities, for example, a nuclease recognition sequence, a protease recognition sequence, a photo-reactive domain, a hydrophobic domain, hydrophilic domain, an active domain, enzymatic function, a site for chemical modification or conjugation, purification or the like. In further embodiments, the invention provides chimeric molecules comprised of at least one lymphokine gene and at least one lymphokine receptor gene ligated in tandem such that would allow expression of multimeric forms of the complex, for example, dimers, trimers, and the like. These proteins could also be produced in eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells.

Chimeric and Fusion Proteins

As described supra, the invention also provides chimeric or fusion proteins. As used herein, A “chimeric protein” or “fusion protein” comprises a polypeptide operatively-linked to another polypeptide, for example, one or more of the polypeptides chosen from SEQ ID NOs: 5-12, or portions thereof. Whereas the polypeptides chosen from SEQ ID NOs: 5-12 include polypeptides having an amino acid sequence with at least 30% homology. Within the fusion protein the polypeptide can correspond to all or a portion of a polypeptide chosen from SEQ ID NOs: 5-12. In one embodiment, the fusion protein comprises at least one biologically active portion of the protein. In another embodiment, the fusion protein comprises at least two biologically active portions of at least one protein chosen from SEQ ID NOs: 5-12. In yet another embodiment, the fusion protein comprises at least three biologically active portions of at least one protein chosen from SEQ ID NOs: 5-12. Within the fusion protein, the term “operatively-linked” is intended to indicate that the discrete polypeptides are fused in-frame with one another at the N-terminus or C-terminus.

In more than one embodiment of the above assay methods, it may be desirable to immobilize the chimeric polypeptides of the invention to facilitate separation of the proteins. In one embodiment, a fusion protein can be provided which adds a domain that allows the proteins to be bound to a matrix. For example, glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins or conjugation of biotin and streptavidin.

In one embodiment, the fusion protein is a GST-fusion protein in which the polypeptide sequences are fused to the C-terminus or N-terminus of the GST (glutathione S-transferase) sequences. In another embodiment, the fusion protein contains a heterologous signal sequence at its N-terminus. In certain host cells (e.g., mammalian host cells), expression and/or secretion can be increased through use of a heterologous signal sequence. In yet another embodiment, the fusion protein is immunoglobulin fusion protein in which the polypeptides or polypeptide complex of the invention is fused to sequences derived from a member of the immunoglobulin protein family. In one embodiment, the immunoglobulin fusion proteins of the invention can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a subject to modulate an interaction between a ligand and a protein on the surface of a cell. The immunoglobulin fusion proteins can be used to affect the bioavailability of a cognate ligand. Inhibition of the ligand interaction may be useful therapeutically for both the treatment of proliferative and differentiative disorders, as well as modulating (e.g. promoting or inhibiting) cell survival. Moreover, the immunoglobulin fusion proteins of the invention can be used as immunogens to produce antibodies in a subject, to purify ligands, and in screening assays to identify molecules that inhibit the interaction.

A chimeric or fusion protein of the invention can be produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques. For example, DNA fragments coding for the different polypeptide sequences are ligated together in-frame in accordance with conventional techniques, e.g., by employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation. In another embodiment, the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers. Alternatively, PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers that give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments that can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence (see, e.g., Ausubel, et al. (eds.) CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons, 1992). Moreover, many expression vectors are commercially available that already encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a GST polypeptide). One or more of SEQ ID NOs: 1-4, and 13-16 can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the desired polypeptide.

Antibodies

The term “antibody” as used herein refers to immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen-binding site that specifically binds (immunoreacts with) an antigen, comprising at least one, and preferably two, heavy (H) chain variable regions (abbreviated herein as VH), and at least one and preferably two light (L) chain variable regions (abbreviated herein as VL). Such antibodies include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain, Fab, Fab′ and F(ab′)2 fragments, and an Fab expression library. The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed “complementarity determining regions” (“CDR”), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed “framework regions” (FR). The extent of the framework region and CDR's has been precisely defined (see, Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242, and Chothia, C. et al. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917, which are incorporated herein by reference). Each VH and VL is composed of three CDR's and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. In general, antibody molecules obtained from humans relates to any of the classes IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD, which differ from one another by the nature of the heavy chain present in the molecule. Certain classes have subclasses as well, such as IgG₁, IgG₂, and others. Furthermore, in humans, the light chain may be a kappa chain or a lambda chain. Reference herein to antibodies includes a reference to all such classes, subclasses and types of human antibody species.

Antibodies can be prepared from the intact polypeptide or fragments containing peptides of interest as the immunizing agent. A preferred antigenic polypeptide fragment is 15-100 contiguous amino acids of SEQ ID NOs: 5-12. In one embodiment, the peptide is located in a non-transmembrane domain of the polypeptide, e.g., in an extracellular or intracellular domain. An exemplary antibody or antibody fragment binds to an epitope that is accessible from the extracellular milieu and that alters the functionality of the protein. In certain embodiments, the present invention comprises antibodies that recognize and are specific for one or more epitopes of any of SEQ ID NOs: 5-12, variants, portions and/or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the antibodies of the invention may be specific for the interleukin/interleukin receptor complex itself. In still other embodiments an antibody specific for an interleukin may function as the “interleukin receptor”—i.e., functioning in a transpresentation mechanism similar to that observed with a complex involving the soluble portion of the interleukin receptor polypeptides, i.e., IL-15Ra and/or IL-2Ra. In alternative embodiments antibodies of the invention may target and interfere with the interleukin/interleukin receptor interaction to inhibit interleukin signaling.

The preparation of polyclonal antibodies is well known in the molecular biology art; see for example, Production of Polyclonal Antisera in Immunochemical Processes (Manson, ed.), pages 1-5 (Humana Press 1992) and Coligan et al., Production of Polyclonal Antisera in Rabbits, Rats, Mice and Hamsters in Current Protocols in Immunology, section 2.4.1 (1992). The preparation of monoclonal antibodies is also well known in the art; see for example, Harlow et al., Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, page 726 (Cold Spring Harbor Pub. 1988).

Monoclonal antibodies can be obtained by injecting mice or rabbits with a composition comprising an antigen, verifying the presence of antibody production by removing a serum sample, removing the spleen to obtain B lymphocytes, fusing the lymphocytes with myeloma cells to produce hybridomas, cloning the hybridomas, selecting positive clones that produce antibodies to the antigen, and isolating the antibodies from the hybridoma cultures. Monoclonal antibodies can be isolated and purified from hybridoma cultures by techniques well known in the art.

In other embodiments, the antibody can be recombinantly produced, e.g., produced by phage display or by combinatorial methods. Phage display and combinatorial methods can be used to isolate recombinant antibodies that bind to SEQ ID NOs: 5-12 or fragments thereof (as described in, e.g., Ladner et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409; Kang et al. International Publication No. WO 92/18619; Dower et al. International Publication No. WO 91/17271; Winter et al. International Publication WO 92/20791; Markland et al. International Publication No. WO 92/15679; Breitling et al. International Publication WO 93/01288; McCafferty et al. International Publication No. WO 92/01047; Garrard et al. International Publication No. WO 92/09690; Ladner et al. International Publication No. WO 90/02809; Fuchs et al. (1991) Bio/Technology 9:1370-1372; Hay et al. (1992) Hum Antibod Hybridomas 3:81-85; Huse et al. (1989) Science 246:1275-1281; Griffths et al. (1993) EMBO J. 12:725-734; Hawkins et al. (1992) J Mol Biol 226:889-896; Clackson et al. (1991) Nature 352:624-628; Gram et al. (1992) PNAS 89:3576-3580; Garrad et al. (1991) Bio/Technology 9:1373-1377; Hoogenboom et al. (1991) Nuc Acid Res 19:4133-4137; and Barbas et al. (1991) PNAS 88:7978-7982).

Human monoclonal antibodies can also be generated using transgenic mice carrying the human immunoglobulin genes rather than the mouse system. Splenocytes from these transgenic mice immunized with the antigen of interest are used to produce hybridomas that secrete human mAbs with specific affinities for epitopes from a human protein (see, e.g., Wood et al. International Application WO 91/00906, Kucherlapati et al. PCT publication WO 91/10741; Lonberg et al. International Application WO 92/03918; Kay et al. International Application 92/03917; Lonberg, N. et al. 1994 Nature 368:856-859; Green, L. L. et al. 1994 Nature Genet. 7:13-21; Morrison, S. L. et al. 1994 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851-6855; Bruggeman et al. 1993 Year Immunol 7:33-40; Tuaillon et al. 1993 PNAS 90:3720-3724; Bruggeman et al. 1991 Eur J Immunol 21:1323-1326).

A therapeutically useful antibody to the components of the complex of the invention or the complex itself may be derived from a “humanized” monoclonal antibody. Humanized monoclonal antibodies are produced by transferring mouse complementarity determining regions from heavy and light variable chains of the mouse immunoglobulin into a human variable domain, then substituting human residues into the framework regions of the murine counterparts. The use of antibody components derived from humanized monoclonal antibodies obviates potential problems associated with immunogenicity of murine constant regions. Techniques for producing humanized monoclonal antibodies can be found in Jones et al., Nature 321: 522, 1986 and Singer et al., J. Immunol. 150: 2844, 1993. The antibodies can also be derived from human antibody fragments isolated from a combinatorial immunoglobulin library; see, for example, Barbas et al., Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology 2, 119, 1991.

In addition, chimeric antibodies can be obtained by splicing the genes from a mouse antibody molecule with appropriate antigen specificity together with genes from a human antibody molecule of appropriate biological specificity; see, for example, Takeda et al., Nature 314: 544-546, 1985. A chimeric antibody is one in which different portions are derived from different animal species.

Anti-idiotype technology can be used to produce monoclonal antibodies that mimic an epitope. An anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody made to a first monoclonal antibody will have a binding domain in the hypervariable region that is the “image” of the epitope bound by the first monoclonal antibody. Alternatively, techniques used to produce single chain antibodies can be used to produce single chain antibodies. Single chain antibodies are formed by linking the heavy and light chain fragments of the Fv region via an amino acid bridge, resulting in a single chain polypeptide. Antibody fragments that recognize specific epitopes, e.g., extracellular epitopes, can be generated by techniques well known in the art. Such fragments include Fab fragments produced by proteolytic digestion, and Fab fragments generated by reducing disulfide bridges. When used for immunotherapy, the monoclonal antibodies, fragments thereof, or both may be unlabelled or labeled with a therapeutic agent. These agents can be coupled directly or indirectly to the monoclonal antibody by techniques well known in the art, and include such agents as drugs, radioisotopes, lectins and toxins.

The dosage ranges for the administration of monoclonal antibodies are large enough to produce the desired effect, and will vary with age, condition, weight, sex, age and the extent of the condition to be treated, and can readily be determined by one skilled in the art. Dosages can be about 0.1 mg/kg to about 2000 mg/kg. The monoclonal antibodies can be administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, and/or subcutaneously.

In certain embodiments of the invention, at least one epitope encompassed by the antigenic peptide is a region of SEQ ID NOs: 5-12 that is located on the surface of the protein, e.g., a hydrophilic region. A hydrophobicity analysis of the protein sequence will indicate which regions of a polypeptide are particularly hydrophilic and, therefore, are likely to encode surface residues useful for targeting antibody production. As a means for targeting antibody production, hydropathy plots showing regions of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity may be generated by any method well known in the art, including, for example, the Kyte Doolittle or the Hopp Woods methods, either with or without Fourier transformation. See, e.g., Hopp and Woods, 1981, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 3824-3828; Kyte and Doolittle 1982, J. Mol. Biol. 157: 105-142, each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Antibodies that are specific for one or more domains within an antigenic protein, or derivatives, fragments, analogs or homologs thereof, are also provided herein. A protein of the invention, or a derivative, fragment, analog, homolog or ortholog thereof, may be utilized as an immunogen in the generation of antibodies that immunospecifically bind these protein components.

Human Antibodies

Fully human antibodies essentially relate to antibody molecules in which the entire sequence of both the light chain and the heavy chain, including the CDRs, arise from human genes. Such antibodies are termed “human antibodies”, or “fully human antibodies” herein. Human monoclonal antibodies can be prepared by the trioma technique; the human B-cell hybridoma technique (see Kozbor, et al., 1983 Immunol Today 4: 72) and the EBV hybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (see Cole, et al., 1985 In: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND CANCER THERAPY, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96). Human monoclonal antibodies may be utilized in the practice of the present invention and may be produced by using human hybridomas (see Cote, et al., 1983. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 2026-2030) or by transforming human B-cells with Epstein Barr Virus in vitro (see Cole, et al., 1985 In: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND CANCER THERAPY, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96).

In addition, human antibodies can also be produced using additional techniques, including phage display libraries (Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol. 227:381 (1991); Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol., 222:581 (1991)). Similarly, human antibodies can be made by introducing human immunoglobulin loci into transgenic animals, e.g., mice in which the endogenous immunoglobulin genes have been partially or completely inactivated. Upon challenge, human antibody production is observed, which closely resembles that seen in humans in all respects, including gene rearrangement, assembly, and antibody repertoire. This approach is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,807; 5,545,806; 5,569,825; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; 5,661,016, and in Marks et al. (Bio/Technology 10, 779-783 (1992)); Lonberg et al. (Nature 368 856-859 (1994)); Morrison (Nature 368, 812-13 (1994)); Fishwild et al, (Nature Biotechnology 14, 845-51 (1996)); Neuberger (Nature Biotechnology 14, 826 (1996)); and Lonberg and Huszar (Intern. Rev. Immunol. 13 65-93 (1995)).

Human antibodies may additionally be produced using transgenic nonhuman animals which are modified so as to produce fully human antibodies rather than the animal's endogenous antibodies in response to challenge by an antigen. (See PCT publication WO94/02602). The endogenous genes encoding the heavy and light immunoglobulin chains in the nonhuman host have been incapacitated, and active loci encoding human heavy and light chain immunoglobulins are inserted into the host's genome. The human genes are incorporated, for example, using yeast artificial chromosomes containing the requisite human DNA segments. An animal which provides all the desired modifications is then obtained as progeny by crossbreeding intermediate transgenic animals containing fewer than the full complement of the modifications. The preferred embodiment of such a nonhuman animal is a mouse, and is termed the Xenomouse™ as disclosed in PCT publications WO 96/33735 and WO 96/34096. This animal produces B cells which secrete fully human immunoglobulins. The antibodies can be obtained directly from the animal after immunization with an immunogen of interest, as, for example, a preparation of a polyclonal antibody, or alternatively from immortalized B cells derived from the animal, such as hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, the genes encoding the immunoglobulins with human variable regions can be recovered and expressed to obtain the antibodies directly, or can be further modified to obtain analogs of antibodies such as, for example, single chain Fv molecules.

Fab Fragments and Single Chain Antibodies

According to the invention, techniques can be adapted for the production of single-chain antibodies specific to an antigenic protein of the invention (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778). In addition, methods can be adapted for the construction of Fab expression libraries (see e.g., Huse, et al., 1989 Science 246: 1275-1281) to allow rapid and effective identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with the desired specificity for a protein or derivatives, fragments, analogs or homologs thereof. Antibody fragments that contain the idiotypes to a protein antigen may be produced by techniques known in the art including, but not limited to: (i) an F(ab′)2 fragment produced by pepsin digestion of an antibody molecule; (ii) an Fab fragment generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of an F(ab′)2 fragment; (iii) an Fab fragment generated by the treatment of the antibody molecule with papain and a reducing agent and (iv) Fv fragments.

Bispecific Antibodies

Bispecific antibodies are monoclonal, preferably human or humanized, antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different antigens. In the present case, one of the binding specificities is for an antigenic protein of the invention. The second binding target is any other antigen, and advantageously is a cell-surface protein or receptor or receptor subunit.

Methods for making bispecific antibodies are known in the art. Traditionally, the recombinant production of bispecific antibodies is based on the co-expression of two immunoglobulin heavy-chain/light-chain pairs, where the two heavy chains have different specificities (Milstein and Cuello, Nature, 305:537-539 (1983)). Because of the random assortment of immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, these hybridomas (quadromas) produce a potential mixture of ten different antibody molecules, of which only one has the correct bispecific structure. The purification of the correct molecule is usually accomplished by affinity chromatography steps. Similar procedures are disclosed in WO 93/08829, published May 13, 1993, and in Traunecker et al., EMBO J., 10:3655-3659 (1991).

Antibody variable domains with the desired binding specificities (antibody-antigen combining sites) can be fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences. The fusion preferably is with an immunoglobulin heavy-chain constant domain, comprising at least part of the hinge, CH2, and CH3 regions. It is preferred to have the first heavy-chain constant region (CH1) containing the site necessary for light-chain binding present in at least one of the fusions. DNAs encoding the immunoglobulin heavy-chain fusions and, if desired, the immunoglobulin light chain, are inserted into separate expression vectors, and are co-transfected into a suitable host organism. For further details of generating bispecific antibodies see, for example, Suresh et al., Methods in Enzymology, 121:210 (1986).

According to another approach described in WO 96/27011, the interface between a pair of antibody molecules can be engineered to maximize the percentage of heterodimers which are recovered from recombinant cell culture. The preferred interface comprises at least a part of the CH3 region of an antibody constant domain. In this method, one or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g. tyrosine or tryptophan). Compensatory “cavities” of identical or similar size to the large side chain(s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g. alanine or threonine). This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers.

Bispecific antibodies can be prepared as full length antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g. F(ab′)2 bispecific antibodies). Techniques for generating bispecific antibodies from antibody fragments have been described in the literature. For example, bispecific antibodies can be prepared using chemical linkage. Brennan et al., Science 229:81 (1985) describe a procedure wherein intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F(ab′)2 fragments. These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent sodium arsenite to stabilize vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation. The Fab′ fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives. One of the Fab′-TNB derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab′-thiol by reduction with mercaptoethylamine and is mixed with an equimolar amount of the other Fab′-TNB derivative to form the bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibodies produced can be used as agents for the selective immobilization of enzymes.

Additionally, Fab′ fragments can be directly recovered from E. coli and chemically coupled to form bispecific antibodies. Shalaby et al., J. Exp. Med. 175:217-225 (1992) describe the production of a fully humanized bispecific antibody F(ab′)2 molecule. Each Fab′ fragment was separately secreted from E. coli and subjected to directed chemical coupling in vitro to form the bispecific antibody. The bispecific antibody thus formed was able to bind to cells overexpressing the ErbB2 receptor and normal human T cells, as well as trigger the lytic activity of human cytotoxic lymphocytes against human breast tumor targets.

Various techniques for making and isolating bispecific antibody fragments directly from recombinant cell culture have also been described. For example, bispecific antibodies have been produced using leucine zippers. Kostelny et al., J. Immunol. 148(5):1547-1553 (1992). The leucine zipper peptides from the Fos and Jun proteins were linked to the Fab′ portions of two different antibodies by gene fusion. The antibody homodimers were reduced at the hinge region to form monomers and then re-oxidized to form the antibody heterodimers. This method can also be utilized for the production of antibody homodimers. The “diabody” technology described by Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6444-6448 (1993) has provided an alternative mechanism for making bispecific antibody fragments. The fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (VH) connected to a light-chain variable domain (VL) by a linker which is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain. Accordingly, the VH and VL domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary VL and VH domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites. Another strategy for making bispecific antibody fragments by the use of single-chain Fv (sFv) dimers has also been reported. See, Gruber et al., J. Immunol. 152:5368 (1994). Antibodies with more than two valencies are contemplated. For example, trispecific antibodies can be prepared. Tutt et al., J. Immunol. 147:60 (1991).

Exemplary bispecific antibodies can bind to two different epitopes, at least one of which originates in the protein antigen of the invention. Alternatively, an anti-antigenic arm of an immunoglobulin molecule can be combined with an arm which binds to a triggering molecule on a leukocyte such as a T-cell receptor molecule (e.g. CD2, CD3, CD28, or B7), or Fc receptors for IgG (FcgammaR), such as FcgammaRI (CD64), FcgammaRII (CD32) and FcgammaRIII (CD16) so as to focus cellular defense mechanisms to the cell expressing the particular antigen. Bispecific antibodies can also be used to direct cytotoxic agents to cells which express a particular antigen. These antibodies possess an antigen-binding arm and an arm which binds a cytotoxic agent or a radionuclide chelator, such as EOTUBE, DPTA, DOTA, or TETA.

Heteroconjugate Antibodies

Heteroconjugate antibodies are also within the scope of the present invention. Heteroconjugate antibodies are composed of two covalently joined antibodies. Such antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune system cells to unwanted cells (U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980), and for treatment of HIV infection (WO 91/00360; WO 92/200373; EP 03089). It is contemplated that the antibodies can be prepared in vitro using known methods in synthetic protein chemistry, including those involving crosslinking agents. For example, immunotoxins can be constructed using a disulfide exchange reaction or by forming a thioether bond. Examples of suitable reagents for this purpose include iminothiolate and methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate and those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980.

Immunoconjugates

The invention also pertains to immunoconjugates comprising an antibody conjugated to a cytotoxic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent, toxin (e.g., an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant, or animal origin, or fragments thereof), or a radioactive isotope (i.e., a radioconjugate). Conjugates of the antibody and cytotoxic agent are made using a variety of bifunctional protein-coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithiol) propionate (SPDP), iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis(p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). For example, a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in Vitetta et al., Science, 238: 1098 (1987). Carbon-14-labeled 1-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the antibody. See WO94/11026.

In another embodiment, the antibody can be conjugated to a “receptor” for utilization in tumor pretargeting wherein the antibody-receptor conjugate is administered to the patient, followed by removal of unbound conjugate from the circulation using a clearing agent and then administration of a “ligand” that is in turn conjugated to a cytotoxic agent.

Immunoliposomes

The antibodies disclosed herein can also be formulated as immunoliposomes. Liposomes containing the antibody are prepared by methods known in the art, such as described in Epstein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82: 3688 (1985); Hwang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77: 4030 (1980); and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545. Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,556.

Particularly useful liposomes can be generated by the reverse-phase evaporation method with a lipid composition comprising phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and PEG-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Liposomes are extruded through filters of Chem. 257: 286-288 (1982) via a disulfide-interchange reaction. A chemotherapeutic agent (such as Doxorubicin) is optionally contained within the liposome. See Gabizon et al., J. National Cancer Inst., 81(19): 1484 (1989).

A therapeutically effective amount of an antibody of the invention relates generally to the amount needed to achieve a therapeutic objective. As noted above, this may be a binding interaction between the antibody and its target antigen that, in certain cases, interferes with the functioning of the target, and in other cases, promotes a physiological response. The amount required to be administered will furthermore depend on the binding affinity of the antibody for its specific antigen, and will also depend on the rate at which an administered antibody is depleted from the free volume other subject to which it is administered. Common ranges for therapeutically effective dosing of an antibody or antibody fragment of the invention may be, by way of nonlimiting example, from about 0.1 mg/kg body weight to about 50 mg/kg body weight. Common dosing frequencies may range, for example, from twice daily to once a week.

Antibodies specifically binding a protein of the invention, as well as other molecules identified by the screening assays disclosed herein, can be administered for the treatment of various disorders in the form of pharmaceutical compositions. Principles and considerations involved in preparing such compositions, as well as guidance in the choice of components are provided, for example, in Remington: The Science And Practice Of Pharmacy 19th ed. (Alfonso R. Gennaro, et al., editors) Mack Pub. Co., Easton, Pa.: 1995; Drug Absorption Enhancement: Concepts, Possibilities, Limitations, And Trends, Harwood Academic Publishers, Langhorne, Pa., 1994; and Peptide And Protein Drug Delivery (Advances In Parenteral Sciences, Vol. 4), 1991, M. Dekker, New York.

The active ingredients can also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacrylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, micro emulsions, nano-particles, and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. The formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.

Sustained-release preparations can be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antibody, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsules. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and gamma-ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOT™ (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and poly-D-(−)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. While polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acid enable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels release proteins for shorter time periods.

ELISA Assay

An agent for detecting an analyte protein is an antibody capable of binding to an analyte protein, preferably an antibody with a detectable label. Antibodies can be polyclonal, or more preferably, monoclonal. An intact antibody, or a fragment thereof (e.g., Fab or F(ab)₂) can be used. The term “labeled”, with regard to the probe or antibody, is intended to encompass direct labeling of the probe or antibody by coupling (i.e., physically linking) a detectable substance to the probe or antibody, as well as indirect labeling of the probe or antibody by reactivity with another reagent that is directly labeled. Examples of indirect labeling include detection of a primary antibody using a fluorescently-labeled secondary antibody and end-labeling of a DNA probe with biotin such that it can be detected with fluorescently-labeled streptavidin. The term “biological sample” is intended to include tissues, cells and biological fluids isolated from a subject, as well as tissues, cells and fluids present within a subject. Included within the usage of the term “biological sample”, therefore, is blood and a fraction or component of blood including blood serum, blood plasma, or lymph. That is, the detection method of the invention can be used to detect an analyte mRNA, protein, or genomic DNA in a biological sample in vitro as well as in vivo. For example, in vitro techniques for detection of an analyte mRNA include Northern hybridizations and in situ hybridizations. In vitro techniques for detection of an analyte protein include enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), Western blots, immunoprecipitations, and immunofluorescence. In vitro techniques for detection of an analyte genomic DNA include Southern hybridizations. Procedures for conducting immunoassays are described, for example in “ELISA: Theory and Practice: Methods in Molecular Biology”, Vol. 42, J. R. Crowther (Ed.) Human Press, Totowa, N.J., 1995; “Immunoassay”, E. Diamandis and T. Christopoulus, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif., 1996; and “Practice and Theory of Enzyme Immunoassays”, P. Tijssen, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1985. Furthermore, in vivo techniques for detection of an analyte protein include introducing into a subject a labeled anti-an analyte protein antibody. For example, the antibody can be labeled with a radioactive marker whose presence and location in a subject can be detected by standard imaging techniques intracavity, or transdermally, alone or with effector cells.

Therapeutic Uses and Formulations

The nucleic acids and proteins of the invention are useful in potential prophylactic and therapeutic applications implicated in a variety of disorders including, but not limited to: metabolic disorders, diabetes, obesity, infectious disease, anorexia, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disorder, immune disorders, hematopoietic disorders, and the various dyslipidemias, metabolic disturbances associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome X and wasting disorders associated with chronic diseases and various cancers, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, congenital heart defects, aortic stenosis, atrial septal defect (ASD), atrioventricular (A-V) canal defect, ductus arteriosus, pulmonary stenosis, subaortic stenosis, ventricular septal defect (VSD), valve diseases, tuberous sclerosis, scleroderma, lupus erythematosus, obesity, transplantation, adrenoleukodystrophy, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, prostate cancer, neoplasm; adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, uterus cancer, fertility, leukemia, hemophilia, hypercoagulation, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immunodeficiencies, graft versus host disease, AIDS, bronchial asthma, rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis, treatment of Albright Hereditary Ostoeodystrophy, and other diseases, disorders and conditions of the like.

Preparations for administration of the therapeutic complex of the invention include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's intravenous vehicles including fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers, and the like. Preservatives and other additives may be added such as, for example, antimicrobial agents, anti-oxidants, chelating agents and inert gases and the like.

The nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, and antibodies (also referred to herein as “active compounds”) of the invention, and derivatives, fragments, analogs and homologs thereof, can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration. Such compositions typically comprise the nucleic acid molecule, protein, or antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Suitable carriers are described in the most recent edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, a standard reference text in the field, which is incorporated herein by reference. Preferred examples of such carriers or diluents include, but are not limited to, water, saline, finger's solutions, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin. Liposomes and non-aqueous vehicles such as fixed oils may also be used. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (i.e., topical), transmucosal, intraperitoneal, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor™. (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringeability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound (e.g., the therapeutic complex of the invention) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of, for example, tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., pregelatinised maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate). The tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form of, for example, solutions, syrups, or suspensions, or they may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl-p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring, and sweetening agents as appropriate.

Preparations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active compound. For buccal administration the compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner. For administration by inhalation, the compounds for use according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebuliser, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g. gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch. The compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing, and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use. The compounds may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides. In addition to the formulations described previously, the compounds may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Thus, for example, the compounds may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.

In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.

It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals.

The nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be inserted into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors. Gene therapy vectors can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, local administration (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by stereotactic injection (see, e.g., Chen, et al., 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 3054-3057). The pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy vector can include the gene therapy vector in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded. Alternatively, where the complete gene delivery vector can be produced intact from recombinant cells, e.g., retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells that produce the gene delivery system. The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.

A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of the therapeutic complex sufficient to result in amelioration or delay of symptoms. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50. Compounds that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. While compounds that exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to uninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects. The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers or excipients. Thus, the compounds and their physiologically acceptable salts and solvates may be formulated for administration by inhalation or insufflation (either through the mouth or the nose) or oral, buccal, intravenous, intraperitoneal, parenteral or rectal administration.

Also disclosed according to the present invention is a kit or system utilizing any one of the methods, selection strategies, materials, or components described herein. Exemplary kits according to the present disclosure will optionally, additionally include instructions for performing methods or assays, packaging materials, one or more containers which contain an assay, a device or system components, or the like.

In an additional aspect, the present invention provides kits embodying the complex and methods of using disclosed herein. Kits of the invention optionally include one or more of the following: (1) polypeptide or nucleic acid components described herein; (2) instructions for practicing the methods described herein, and/or for operating the selection procedure herein; (3) one or more detection assay components; (4) a container for holding nucleic acids or polypeptides, other nucleic acids, transgenic plants, animals, cells, or the like and, (5) packaging materials.

Transgenic Organisms

A transgenic cell or animal used in the methods of the invention can include a transgene that encodes, e.g., a copy of a chimeric polypeptide comprising an interleukin and interleukin receptor. The transgene can encode a protein that is normally exogenous to the transgenic cell or animal, including a human protein. The transgene can be linked to a heterologous or a native promoter.

This disclosure further relates to a method of producing transgenic animals. Techniques known in the art may be used to introduce the transgene into animals to produce the founder line of animals. Such techniques include, but are not limited to: pronuclear microinjection; retrovirus mediated gene transfer into germ lines (Van der Putten et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 6148-6152, 1985; gene targeting in embryonic stem cells (Thompson et al., Cell 56: 313-321, 1989; electroporation of embryos (Lo, Mol. Cell Biol. 3: 1803-1814, 1983; and sperm-mediated gene transfer (Lavitrano, et al., Cell 57: 717-723, 1989; etc. For a review of such techniques, see Gordon, Intl. Rev. Cytol. 115: 171-229, 1989. Accordingly, the invention features a transgenic organism that contains a transgene encoding a chimeric interleukin/interleukin receptor polypeptide. The transgenic organism can be a eukaryotic cell, for example, a yeast cell, an insect, e.g., a worm or a fly, a fish, a reptile, a bird, or a mammal, e.g., a rodent. The transgenic organism can further comprise a genetic alteration, e.g., a point mutation, insertion, or deficiency, in an endogenous gene.

A host cell of the invention, such as a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell in culture, can be used to produce (i.e., express) the polypeptide components or complex of the invention. Accordingly, the invention further provides methods for producing protein using the host cells of the invention. In one embodiment, the method comprises culturing the host cell of invention (into which a recombinant expression vector encoding the protein has been introduced) in a suitable medium such that the protein is produced. In another embodiment, the method further comprises isolating the protein from the medium or the host cell.

Another aspect of the invention pertains to host cells into which a recombinant expression vector of the invention has been introduced. The terms “host cell” and “recombinant host cell” are used interchangeably herein. It is understood that such terms refer not only to the particular subject cell but also to the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term as used herein. A host cell can be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell. For example, protein can be expressed in bacterial cells such as E. coli, insect cells, yeast or mammalian cells (such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or COS cells). Other suitable host cells are known to those skilled in the art.

Vector DNA can be introduced into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells via conventional transformation or transfection techniques. As used herein, the terms “transformation” and “transfection” are intended to refer to a variety of art-recognized techniques for introducing foreign nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) into a host cell, including calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAF-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, or electroporation. Suitable methods for transforming or transfecting host cells can be found in Sambrook, et al. (MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL. 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989), and other laboratory manuals.

For stable transfection of mammalian cells, it is known that, depending upon the expression vector and transfection technique used, only a small fraction of cells may integrate the foreign DNA into their genome. In order to identify and select these integrants, a gene that encodes a selectable marker (e.g., resistance to antibiotics) is generally introduced into the host cells along with the gene of interest. Various selectable markers include those that confer resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin and methotrexate. Nucleic acid encoding a selectable marker can be introduced into a host cell on the same vector as that encoding the protein or can be introduced on a separate vector. Cells stably transfected with the introduced nucleic acid can be identified by drug selection (e.g., cells that have incorporated the selectable marker gene will survive, while the other cells die).

The host cells of the invention can also be used to produce non-human transgenic animals. For example, in one embodiment, a host cell of the invention is a fertilized oocyte or an embryonic stem cell into which the protein-coding sequences have been introduced. Such host cells can then be used to create non-human transgenic animals in which exogenous polypeptide sequences have been introduced into their genome or homologous recombinant animals in which endogenous polypeptide sequences have been altered. Such animals are useful for studying the function and/or activity of proteins and for identifying and/or evaluating modulators of protein activity. As used herein, a “transgenic animal” is a non-human animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a rodent such as a rat or mouse, in which one or more of the cells of the animal includes a transgene. Other examples of transgenic animals include non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cows, goats, chickens, amphibians, etc. A transgene is exogenous DNA that is integrated into the genome of a cell from which a transgenic animal develops and that remains in the genome of the mature animal, thereby directing the expression of an encoded gene product in one or more cell types or tissues of the transgenic animal. As used herein, a “homologous recombinant animal” is a non-human animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a mouse, in which an endogenous gene has been altered by homologous recombination between the endogenous gene and an exogenous DNA molecule introduced into a cell of the animal, e.g., an embryonic cell of the animal, prior to development of the animal.

An example of a preferred embodiment of the invention is provided below. As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the techniques described and hereby incorporated into the present invention are generally applicable and may be varied in any number of ways without departing from the general scope of the invention. The following example is given by way of example of the preferred embodiments, and is in no way considered to be limiting to the invention. For example, the relative quantities of the ingredients may be varied to achieve different desired effects, additional ingredients may be added, and/or similar ingredients may be substituted for one or more of the ingredients described.

Example 1

Co-Administration of IL-15 and IL-15Ra Drives CD8 Memory T Cell and NK Cell Proliferation In Vivo

In order to determine whether co-administration of IL-15 and recombinant mouse IL-15Ra-Fc (rmIL-15Ra-Fc) could mediate IL-15 activity in vivo, we utilized an adoptive transfer model to gage the effect of IL-15 on the proliferation of CD8+ T cells. CD45.1 CFSE labeled enriched splenic CD8+ T cells were transferred to normal CD45.2 mice and rmIL-15Ra-Fc (about 15 μg). Four days after treatment with IL-15 alone, about 11% of the donor CD8+ T cell population had divided (FIG. 1 a, top panels), in agreement with our previous results. In dramatic contrast, the coadministration of the same amount of IL-15 bound to rmIL-15Ra-Fc resulted in the proliferation of about 69% of the donor CD8+ T cells (FIG. 1). Furthermore, while the majority of CD8 T cells responding to IL-15 alone divided once, the cells responding to combination treatment underwent 5-7 divisions, resulting in a substantial increase in cell numbers (data not shown). The bulk of the dividing cells expressed high levels of CD44, suggesting that the responding cells were primarily memory CD8+ T cells or that CD44 had been upregulated (FIG. 1 a, bottom panels). Importantly, administration of rmIL-15Ra-Fc alone did not induce proliferation of CD8+ T cells (data not shown). Of note, co-administration of a soluble form of rmIL-15Ra with IL-15 also resulted in enhanced proliferation of donor CD8+ T cells albeit to a level intermediate to IL-15 alone and IL-15 combined with rmIL-15Ra-Fc (data not shown). In order to test the action of combined therapy on bona-fide memory CD8 T cells, we adoptively transferred CFSE-labeled ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD8+ memory T cells that had been generated by infection with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing OVA (VSV-OVA). Similar to the above results, antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells responding to combined IL-15/IL-15Ra-Fc treatment proliferated to a much greater extent than those provided IL-15 alone (FIG. 1 b).

Past studies have implicated IL-15 as an inducer of B cell, NK cell and NK T cell proliferation, but not of CD4+ T cell proliferation. Therefore, we examined the ability of IL-15 and receptor-complexed IL-15 to induce proliferation of these cell types using the adoptive transfer system. CD4+ T cells and B cells did not proliferate in response to about 2.5 μg of IL-15, while NK cells proliferated very little (FIG. 2). In contrast, coadministration of rmIL-15Ra-Fc with IL-15 induced extensive proliferation of NK cells while B cells did not respond. The response of NK-T cells was similar to that of NK cells (data not shown). Interestingly, although IL-15 is not thought to mediate proliferation of mouse CD4+ T cells, CD4+ T cells illustrated an intermediate response to the administered complex.

Example 2

Complexed IL-15/IL-15Ra Greatly Enhances IL-15 Activity In Vivo

We next examined the early kinetics of the proliferative response to the coadministration of rmIL-15Ra-Fc with IL-15. CFSE dilution was negligible one day after treatment, but by day two about 36% of the donor CD8+ T cell population had divided, with an appreciable number of cells in the third and fourth rounds of division (FIG. 3). By day three about 59% of donor CD8+ T cells had divided with many cells in divisions 5-6, while about 73% had divided by day four with some cells in the seventh round of division. These results and others showed that the maximum effect of a single dose of IL-15/mL-15Ra-Fc was achieved by approximately 4 days post-treatment, followed by the donor CD8+ T cells entering a protracted rate of proliferation characteristic of memory CD8+ T cells (data not shown).

In order to obtain an approximation of the enhancement of activity obtained by combined treatment over that of IL-15 alone we performed titrations of IL-15 and IL-15/mL-15Ra-Fc using the adoptive transfer model. Comparisons were based on the extent of donor CD8+ T cell proliferation as assessed by CFSE dilution. A dose of about 0.1 μg of IL-15 combined with about 0.6 μg of IL-15Ra-Fc induced a level of proliferation similar to that of about 5 μg of IL-15 (FIG. 4 a). Thus, in this type of experiment, IL-15 activity was enhanced ˜50-fold by coadministration with rmIL-15Ra-Fc. Considering this substantial enhancement, we questioned whether IL-15 alone could achieve this level of activity. Even with the administration of about 37.5 μg of IL-15, the level of proliferation obtained with about 0.5 μg of receptor complexed IL-15 could not be achieved (FIG. 4 b). These results suggested that IL-15Ra availability may be limiting in vivo since increasing IL-15 levels did not result in further augmentation of activity.

Example 3

Complexed IL-15/IL-15Ra Operates Via Transpresentation Requiring IL-15Rb

The effects of complexed IL-15/IL-15Ra could either be mediated by direct or indirect effects on the responding cell types. If direct, then it might be expected that the target cells would be required to express IL-15R component(s). To test this, we transferred CFSE-labeled IL-15Ra−/− CD8+ T cells into IL-15Ra−/− hosts and treated the mice with either IL-15 or complexed IL-15/IL-15Ra. IL-15 could not be transpresented in the absence of IL-15Ra, and did not induce proliferation (FIG. 5 a). On the other hand, donor CD8+ T cells from IL-15/mL-15Ra-Fc treated mice proliferated extensively. Furthermore, the IL-15Ra−/− donor cells, which primarily consisted of naïve phenotype CD8+ T cells, progressively increased their expression of CD44 and CD122 with division. Since responding T cells did not require IL-15Ra to respond to complexed IL-15/IL-15Ra, we examined the role of IL-15Rb (CD122) in mediating this effect. To this end, we transferred CFSE-labeled CD122+/+ or CD122−/− CD8+ T cells into normal mice and analyzed the donor cells for CFSE dilution 4 days after treatment. While control cells proliferated vigorously in response to IL-15/mL-15Ra-Fc treatment, CD122−/− donor CD8+ T cells did not proliferate in response to coadministration (FIG. 5 b). Taken together, the results indicated that IL-15/IL-15Ra-Fc operated via direct transpresentation through interaction with the IL-15Rb likely in conjunction with gammaC.

Example 4

Proliferation Induced by Forced IL-15 Transpresentation Requires MHC class I but not IL-7 or Dendritic Cells

While naïve T cells require MHC class I and endogenous peptide for their survival, memory CD8 T cell survival and proliferation is thought to be MHC class I-independent. Homeostatic proliferation of these subsets in empty hosts exhibits similar MHC requirements. Given these results, it was important to determine the MHC requirement for proliferation induced by co-administration of rmIL-15Ra-Fc with IL-15. Thus, we cotransferred naïve TCR transgenic CD8+ T cells (OT-I) and enriched B6 CD8+ T cells (which contain memory cells) to normal or MHC class I deficient (b2-microglobulin−/−) mice. Interestingly, naïve OT-IRAG−/− CD8 T cells proliferated robustly in response to treatment with the complex in a MHC class I sufficient host. In contrast, in MHC class I−/− hosts, naïve T cell proliferation did not occur (FIG. 6 a). Similarly, B6 CD8 T cells proliferated in normal hosts but surprisingly proliferation was virtually absent in MHC class I−/− hosts. These data indicated that induction of proliferation by IL-15/IL-15Ra was MHC class I dependent for both naïve and memory CD8+ T cells. Since the proliferative response induced by the coadministration of rmIL-15Ra-Fc with IL-15 was dependent on host expression of MHC class I we wished to investigate other criteria that might also play a role. We examined the involvement of IL-7, since this cytokine is essential for homeostatic proliferation of CD8 T cells in immunodeficient hosts. CFSE-labeled CD8+ T cells were transferred to control or IL-7−/− mice and combined IL-15/mL-15Ra-Fc was administered. In the presence or absence of IL-7 CD8+ T cells proliferated equally well in response to IL-15 with IL-15Ra-Fc (FIG. 6 b), indicating that IL-7 was not involved in IL-15 mediated proliferation in our system. Previous studies have highlighted the potential of dendritic cells (DC) in mediating IL-15 activity and MHC expression by DC can be important in T cell homeostasis. To test what role DC play in the proliferative response induced by IL-15/IL-15Ra coadministration we utilized a system in which DC can be conditionally depleted. CD11c-DTR mice express the simian diptheria toxin receptor under the control of the CD11c promoter, making CD11c+ cells susceptible to DT, which removes >95% of DC. Due to the toxicity of DT to intact CD11c-DTR mice as a result of effects on non-hematopoietic cells, we generated chimeras using CD11c-DTR bone marrow and normal B6 hosts. CFSE-labeled CD8+ T cells were then transferred to the chimeras which were treated with DT prior to administration of the IL-15/IL-15Ra complex. Interestingly, we found no difference in CD8+ T cell proliferation between DT treated control or CD11c-DTR chimeras (FIG. 6 c). Thus, although MHC class I was essential for IL-15 mediated proliferation, DC were not required.

Example 5

IL-15/IL-15Ra Immunotherapy Induces Naïve T Cell Activation and Effector Function

In previous experiments we noted that CD44low polyclonal CD8 T cells as well as naïve TCR transgenic T cells responded to IL-15 when co-administered with IL-15Ra-Fc (FIGS. 5 and 6). Considering that under homeostatic conditions, CD8 memory T cells exhibit much greater responsiveness to IL-15 than do naïve CD8+ T cells, we wished to directly compare the responsiveness of these two subsets to complexed IL-15/rmIL-15Ra-Fc. To do so, CFSE-labeled memory OT-I and naïve OT-I CD8+ T cells were adoptively transferred into the same congenic C57BL/6 hosts and proliferation was analyzed 4 days after treatment with IL-15/IL-15Ra-Fc. Surprisingly, naïve OT-I CD8 T cells proliferated almost as well as memory OT-I CD8+ T cells (FIG. 7 a). The naïve OT-I cells also expanded ˜10-fold in response to the complex as compared to controls and upregulated CD44 (FIG. 7 b). In light of the robust proliferation induced in naïve T cells, it was of interest to establish whether effector function was concomitantly induced. To test this question we adoptively transferred naïve OT-I CD8+ T cells into congenic C57BL/6 hosts and, using an in vivo killing assay, measured antigen specific lytic activity four days after treatment with IL-15/mL-15Ra-Fc or after infection with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus expressing ovalbumin (VSV-OVA) for comparison. Interestingly, IL-15/mL-15Ra-Fc treatment resulted in induction of robust antigen-specific lytic activity, similar to the level obtained with virus infection (FIG. 7 c). In addition to lytic activity, the majority of naïve OT-I CD8+ T cells activated by IL-15/IL-15Ra-Fc or VSV-OVA infection produced high levels of IFNg following in vitro restimulation with peptide (FIG. 7 d). This result was in contrast to the negligible frequency of OT-I cells producing IFNg from control (PBS) and IL-15 treated mice (FIG. 7 d). Thus, the induction of effector function in naïve CD8+ T cells by co-administration of IL-15Ra-Fc with IL-15 paralleled the activation obtained by infection.

Example 6

Treatment of Naïve T Cells with Complexed IL-15/IL-15Ra-Fc Generates Memory CD8+ T Cells

Although naïve T cells developed into effector cells in response to transpresented IL-15, it remained to be seen whether this was a transient effect or resulted in memory T cell development. Therefore, we analyzed the number and phenotype of OT-I T cells 44 days after naïve OT-I T cell transfer and IL-15/IL-15Ra-Fc treatment. At this time point a ˜5-fold higher percentage of OT-I cells was present following IL-15/IL-15Ra administration as compared to untreated mice (FIG. 8, top panels). Moreover, nearly all of these cells expressed high levels of CD44 and CD122 (FIG. 8, middle and bottom panels). Thus, even in the absence of antigen, IL-15/IL-15Ra-Fc treatment was able to induce the development of memory CD8+ T cells.

Recent findings support the use of IL-15 as an adjuvant for vaccination, tumor immunotherapy, and immune system reconstitution in immunodeficiency. In the case of cancer treatment, induction of lymphopenia is now being employed to enhance the functional activity of adoptively transferred lymphocytes. This modality is based on the finding that CD8+ T cells undergoing lymphopenia-driven homeostatic proliferation differentiate into effector cells with lytic and cytokine producing activities. The differentiation of CD8+ T cells to effector and memory phenotype cells also requires MHC class I expression. Thus, the proliferation and functional activities induced by the IL-15/IL-15Ra-Fc complex in intact hosts mimicked homeostatic proliferation triggered by lymphopenia. Moreover, the level of proliferation obtained by treatment with the complex could not be achieved by high doses of IL-15 alone. Since the same cell producing IL-15 may also transpresent the cytokine, the availability of free IL-15Ra may be limited. In addition, the short half-life of IL-15 may be extended when complexed to the receptor. Therefore, treatment with IL-15 alone is unlikely to achieve the full therapeutic potential of the cytokine. The combined administration of IL-15/IL-15Ra may circumvent these problems and provide improved efficacy.

The mechanism of action of complexed IL-15/IL-15Ra was of particular interest given the current paradigm regarding the requirements for naïve and memory T cell homeostatic survival and proliferation. Under normal conditions, survival of both naïve and memory CD8+ T cells requires IL-7, while IL-15 is essential for homeostatic proliferation of memory CD8+ T cells and NK cells. In a lymphopenic environment, IL-7 is required for homeostatic proliferation of naïve CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and plays a role, along with IL-15, in mediating CD8+ memory T cell homeostatic proliferation. Thus, it was unexpected that naïve CD8+ T cells responded vigorously to the IL-15/IL-15Ra complex. It should be noted however that in IL-15−/− mice, the naïve CD8+ T cell pool is decreased by about 50%, suggesting that either naïve CD8+ T cell development and/or survival requires IL-15. In any case, proliferation of naïve CD8+ T cells driven by receptor-bound IL-15/IL-15Ra was IL-7 independent and required IL-15Ra expression. This result indicated that naïve CD8+ T cells expressed sufficient levels of IL-15Ra to respond to IL-15/IL-15Ra but not to soluble IL-15 alone. In addition, naïve CD8+ T cells acquired effector function and subsequently developed into long-lived memory CD8+ T cells expressing high levels of CD44 and CD122. Interestingly, IL-15/IL-15Ra triggered activation of naïve or memory CD8+ T cells required MHC class I expression. While the survival of naïve CD8+ T cells is dependent on MHC, the survival of CD8 memory T cells is believed to be MHC independent. Thus, a requirement for MHC class I in memory cell proliferation induced by receptor complexed IL-15 was somewhat unexpected but supports a role for MHC in aspects of memory cell function, as has been previously demonstrated. Our findings illustrate the potential power of IL-15 in driving robust NK and CD8+ T cell expansion and effector differentiation in intact hosts. As with any adjuvant, it will be necessary to determine whether such activation may also enhance autoimmunity. Nevertheless, this system may provide the means to bolster immune reconstitution in immunodeficiencies or after bone marrow or stem cell transplantation. Moreover, while adoptive immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer may also be augmented by administration of IL-15/IL-15Ra, it is also possible that treatment with the complex alone could drive sufficient expansion of endogenous antigen-specific T cells, as well as NK/NKT cells, to provide some level of protection. Further studies are needed to determine the potential for this novel complex in immunotherapy.

TABLE 1 Combined IL-15Ra/IL-15 treatment is an effective anti-tumor therapy. ^(†) Treatment Tumor IL-15Ra/ Tissue Dose PBS IL-15 IL-15 Liver 1 × 10⁵ 2-1; 0; 2-1; 3-1 ^(‡) 0; 3-1; 3-1; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0 2-1; 0 2 × 10⁵ 2-1; 4-1; 2-1; 11-m; 0; 1-s; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0 1-m; 2-m 3-1; 5-1 1 × 10⁶ 24-1; 14; 9-1; ND 0; 2-s; 2-s; 0 4-1 Lung 1 × 10⁵ 0; 0; 0; 2-1 ^(‡) 0; 1-s; 23-s; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0 4-m; 100-s 2 × 10⁵ 2-m; 2-m; 2-m; 2-m; 3-m; 13 1-s; 3-s; 6 (1-1; 5-s); (1-1; 12-s); 100-s; 0;0 52 (2-1; 50-s) 2-m; 50-s 1 × 10⁶ 65-1; 61-1; ND ^(£) 28-s; 33-s; 81-1; 65-1 22-s; 42-s Other 1 × 10⁵ +++ 5/5 +++ 5/5 § 5/5 tumors * 2 × 10⁵ +++ 3/5; § 2/5 +++ 4/5; § 1/5 + 1/5; § 4/5 1 × 10⁶ ++++ 4/4 ND + 1/4; § 3/4 ^(†) The indicated dose of B16-F1 melanoma was given intravenously, and one and 10 days later mice were treated intraperitoneally. with PBS, 2.5 ug IL-15 or 2.5 ug IL-15 + 15 ug sIL-15Ra-Fc. 21 days after tumor inoculation the tumor burden was assessed. Tumor size: (s) ≈ microscopic to 2 mm; (m) ≈ 2-5 mm; (l) >5 mm ^(‡) Died before analysis ^(£) Not done * Includes tumors in the body cavity including in kidney, pancreas, lymph nodes and other tissues. § = no tumors observed; + = 1 small tumor; +++ = multiple medium to large tumors; ++++ = large tumor masses.

Exemplary Methods

Mice. C57BL/6-Ly 5.1 mice were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.). C57BL/6-Ly 5.2 mice were purchased from Charles River. The OT-I mouse line was generously provided by Dr. W. R. Heath (WEHI, Parkville, Australia) and Dr. F. Carbone (Monash Medical School, Prahan, Victoria, Australia) and was maintained as a C57BL/6-Ly5.2 line on a RAG−/− background.

IL-15Ra−/− mice22 were generously provided by Dr. Averil Ma (UCSF). Spleen cells from IL-2Rb−/− mice were generously provided by Dr. Michael Farrar (UMINN). DTR transgenic mice were a gift from Dr. D. Littman (Skirball Institute, NY, N.Y.). The mice were backcrossed 10 times to C57BL/6 at the UCONN Health Center facilities. DTR Tg+ mice were screened by PCR of tail DNA as previously described. IL-7−/− mice were originally obtained from DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (Palo Alto, Calif.) and were maintained on a C57BL/6×129/Ola hybrid background.

IL-15 treatment. Recombinant mouse IL-15Ra-Fc chimeric molecule was purchased from R&D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.). hIL-15 and rmIL-15Ra-Fc, both suspended in PBS, were mixed and incubated for about 30 min at about 37° C. Each mouse, unless specifically noted, received 2.5 μg IL-15 and 15 μg rmIL-15Ra-Fc in 200 ul PBS i.p.

Human. A DNA sequence encoding the extracellular domain of human IL-15 Ra-E3, which lacks exon 3, (Anderson, D. et al., 1995, J. Biol. Chem. 270:29862-29869) was fused to the 6× histidine tagged Fc of human IgG1 via a polypeptide linker. The chimeric protein was expressed in Sf 21 cells using a baculovirus expression system. Molecular Mass. The recombinant mature human IL-15 Ra/Fc is a disulfide-linked homodimeric protein. Based on N-terminal sequencing, the recombinant human IL-15Ra protein has Ile 31 at the amino-terminus. The reduced human IL-15 Ra/Fc monomer has a calculated molecular mass of approximately 42.6 kDa. As a result of glycosylation, the recombinant monomer migrates as an approximately 60-70 kDa protein in SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.

Mouse. A DNA sequence encoding the signal peptide from human CD33, joined with amino acid residues 33-205 of the extracellular domain of mouse IL-15 Ra (Giri, J. G. et al., 1995, EMBO. 14:3654-3663) was fused to the Fc region of human IgG1 via a polypeptide linker. The chimeric protein was expressed in a mouse myeloma cell line, NS0. Molecular Mass. The recombinant mature mouse IL-15 Ra-Fc is a disulfide-linked homodimeric protein. Based on N-terminal sequencing, the recombinant mouse IL-15 Ra-Fc protein has Gly 33 at the amino-terminus. The reduced mouse IL-15 Ra-Fc monomer has a calculated molecular mass of 44.9 kDa. As a result of glycosylation, the recombinant protein migrates as an approximately 80-90 kDa protein in SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. In addition to the full-length IL-15 Ra-Fc, this preparation also contains a small amount (10%) of free IL-15 Ra and Fc generated by proteolytic cleavage. Free IL-15 Ra and Fc migrate as approximately 42 kDa and 35 kDa proteins, respectively, in SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions.

CFSE labeling of cells and adoptive transfer. Lymphocytes were isolated from spleen and/or peripheral lymph nodes (as described in Isolation of lymphocyte populations) and resuspended in HBSS (about 1% HGPG) at 10×10⁶ cells/ml and then warmed to 37° C. Cells were incubated for about 10 min with CFSE (0.01 mM; Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) and the reaction was squelched with HBSS with about 1% HGPG and about 5% FCS. Cells were washed twice with HBSS (about 1% HGPG). CFSE-labeled cells were resuspended (1-20×10⁶ cells) in PBS and injected i.v. into congenic mice. Cells were isolated at the indicated times and analyzed for the presence of donor cells using CD45 allele status and their expression of surface markers and CFSE intensity.

Isolation of lymphocyte populations and immunofluorescence analysis. Single-cell suspensions were created in HBSS (with about 1% HGPG) by homogenizing spleens using frosted glass slides. Red blood cells were lysed and splenocytes were filtered through Nitex. At the indicated time points, lymphocytes were isolated and donor CFSE-labeled cells were detected using their CD45 allele status or OVA-specific donor cells were detected using an H-2 Kb tetramer containing the OVA-derived peptide SIINFEKL produced as previously described. For staining, lymphocytes were suspended in PBS/about 0.2% BSA/about 0.1% NaN3 (FACS buffer) at a concentration of about 3-15×10⁶/200 μl. When staining for tetramer, cells were incubated at room temperature for about 1 h with OVA-tetramer APC plus the appropriate dilution of anti-CD8 PerCp. Cells were washed with FACS buffer and stained with anti-CD44 PE at about 4° C. for about 20 min, washed and then fixed in PBS with about 3% paraformaldehyde. Relative fluorescence intensities were measured with a FACScalibur (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.). Data were analyzed using FlowJo Software (Tree Star, San Carlos, Calif.).

In vivo cytotoxicity assay. This assay was performed essentially as previously described. Normal spleen cells were labeled to low (about 0.25 um) or high (about 2.5 um) CFSE levels and CFSEhigh cells were incubated with about 1 μg/ml SIINFEKL peptide for about 45 min at about 37° C. Equal numbers (10×10⁶) of each population were mixed and injected i.v. into OT-I transferred mice that were either untreated or that were treated with IL-15/IL-15Ra or were infected with 1×10⁵ pfu of vesicular stomatitis virus expressing chicken ovalbumin four days earlier. Four hours later, spleen cells were analyzed for the presence of CFSEhigh and CFSElow populations Percent lysis=[1-(ratio unprimed/ratio primed)]×100. Ratio=percent CFSElow/percent CFSEhigh.

Intracellular detection of IFN-g. Lymphocytes were isolated from the spleen and cultured for about 5 h with about 1 μg/ml Golgistop (BD PharMingen), with or with about 1 μg/ml of the OVA-derived peptide SIINFEKL. After culture, cells were stained for surface molecules, then fixed, and cell membranes were permeabilized in cytofix/cytoperm solution (BD PharMingen) and stained with anti-IFN-gPE or control rat IgG1 PE. Cells were then washed and the fluorescence intensity was measured on a FACScalibur.

Bone marrow chimeras. Femurs and tibias were taken from CD11c-DTR Tg+ mice or non-Tg littermates. The bone marrow (BM) was flushed out with a syringe and passed through a 70 um nylon mesh to generate a single cell suspension. Red blood cells (RBC) were lysed and the cells resuspended in HBSS supplemented with HEPES, L-glutamine, penicillin, streptomycin, gentamycin sulphate (HBSS-HGPG). To remove mature T cells from the BM, cells were incubated with anti-Thy1 ascites fluid (T24), washed once in HBSS-HGPG then incubated with Low-Tox-M rabbit complement (Cedarlane Laboratories, Ontario, Canada) for about 45 min, at about 37° C. CD45.1 recipient B6 mice were irradiated (about 1,000 rad) before about 2−5×10⁶ bone marrow cells were transferred i.v. The mice were allowed to rest 8 weeks before use. Diphtheria toxin (Sigma, St Louis, Mo.) in PBS was administered i.p. to mice at about 4 ng/g bodyweight. Chimeras received DT one day prior to cytokine treatment, a dose just prior to cytokine treatment and a final dose on day three post cytokine treatment.

REFERENCES

The following references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

-   1. Grabstein, K. H. et al. Cloning of a T cell growth factor that     interacts with the beta chain of the interleukin-2 receptor. Science     264, 965-968 (1994). -   2. Bamford, R. N. et al. The Interleukin (Il)-2 Receptor-Beta Chain     Is Shared by Il-2 and A Cytokine, Provisionally Designated II-T,     That Stimulates TCell Proliferation and the Induction of     Lymphokine-Activated Killer-Cells. Proceedings of the National     Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 4940-4944     (1994). -   3. Bamford, R. N., Battiata, A. P., Burton, J. D., Sharma, H. &     Waldmann, T. A. Interleukin (IL) 15/IL-T production by the adult     T-cell leukemia cell line HuT-102 is associated with a human T-cell     lymphotrophic virus type I region/IL-15 fusion message that lacks     many upstream AUGs that normally attenuates IL-15 mRNA translation.     Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 2897-2902 (1996). -   4. Nishimura, H. et al. A novel autoregulatory mechanism for     transcriptional activation of the IL-15 gene by a nonsecretable     isoform of IL-15 generated by alternative splicing. FASEB J 19,     19-28 (2005). -   5. Villinger, F. et al. IL-15 is superior to IL-2 in the generation     of long-lived antigen specific memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in rhesus     macaques. Vaccine 22, 3510-3521 (2004). -   6. Burton, J. D. et al. A Lymphokine, Provisionally Designated     Interleukin-T and Produced by A Human Adult T-Cell Leukemia Line,     Stimulates T-Cell Proliferation and the Induction of     Lymphokine-Activated Killer-Cells. Proceedings of the National     Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 4935-4939     (1994). -   7. Giri, J. G. et al. Identification and cloning of a novel IL-15     binding protein that is structurally related to the alpha chain of     the IL-2 receptor. EMBO J 15, 3654-3633 (1995). -   8. Giri, J. G. et al. Utilization of the beta and gamma chains of     the IL-2 receptor by the novel cytokine IL-15. EMBO J. 13, 2822-2830     (1994). -   9. Berard, M., Brandt, K., Paus, S. B. & Tough, D. F. IL-15 promotes     the survival of naive and memory phenotype CD8(+) T cells. Journal     of Immunology 170, 5018-5026 (2003). -   10. Park, C. S., Yoon, S. O., Armitage, R. J. & Choi, Y. S.     Follicular dendritic cells produce IL-15 that enhances germinal     center B cell proliferation in membrane-bound form. J. Immunol. 173,     6676-6683 (2004). -   11. Goldrath, A. W. et al. Cytokine requirements for acute and basal     homeostatic proliferation of naive and memory CD8+ T cells. J. Exp.     Med. 195, 1515-1522 (2002). -   12. Schluns, K. S. et al. Distinct cell types control lymphoid     subset development by means of IL-15 and IL-15 receptor alpha     expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 5616-5621 (2004). -   13. Oh, S., Perera, L. P., Burke, D. S., Waldmann, T. A. &     Berzofsky, J. A. IL-15/IL-15R{alpha}-mediated avidity maturation of     memory CD8+ T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 15154-15159     (2004). -   14. Armitage, R. J., Macduff, B. M., Eisenman, J., Paxton, R. &     Grabstein, K. H. IL-15 has stimulatory activity for the induction of     B cell proliferation and differentiation. J. Immunol. 154, 483-490     (1995). -   15. Becker, T. C. et al. Interleukin 15 is required for     proliferative renewal of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells. J. Exp.     Med. 195, 1541-1548 (2002). -   16. Cooper, M. A. et al. In vivo evidence for a dependence on     interleukin 15 for survival of natural killer cells. Blood 100,     3633-3638 (2002). -   17. Schluns, K. S., Williams, K., Ma, A., Zheng, X. X. &     Lefrancois, L. Cutting Edge: Requirement for IL-15 in the generation     of primary and memory antigen-specific CD8 T cells. J. Immunol. 168,     4827-4831 (2002). -   18. Kennedy, M. K. et al. Reversible defects in natural killer and     memory CD8 T cell lineages in Interleukin-15-deficient mice. J. Exp.     Med. 191, 771-780 (2000). -   19. Ku, C. C., Murakami, M., Sakamoto, A., Kappler, J. & Marrack, P.     Control of homeostasis of CD8+ memory T cells by opposing cytokines.     Science 288, 675-678 (2000). -   20. Tan, J. T. et al. Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-7 jointly regulate     homeostatic proliferation of memory phenotype CD8+ cells but are not     required for memory phenotype CD4+ cells. J. Exp. Med. 195,     1523-1532 (2002). -   21. Ohteki, T., Suzue, K., Maki, C., Ota, T. & Koyasu, S. Critical     role of IL-15-IL-15R for antigen-presenting cell functions in the     innate immune response. Nat. Immunol. 2, 1138-1143 (2001). -   22. Lodolce, J. P. et al. IL-15 receptor maintains lymphoid     homeostasis by supporting lymphocyte homing and proliferation.     Immunity 9, 669-676 (1998). -   23. Judge, A. D., Zhang, X., Fujii, H., Surh, C. D. & Sprent, J.     Interleukin 15 controls both proliferation and survival of a subset     of memory-phenotype CD8(+) T Cells. J. Exp. Med 196, 935-946 (2002). -   24. Ferrari-Lacraz, S. et al. Targeting IL-15 Receptor-Bearing Cells     with an Antagonist Mutant IL-15/Fc Protein Prevents Disease     Development and Progression in Murine Collagen-Induced Arthritis. J.     Immunol 173, 5818-5826 (2004). -   25. Ruchatz, H., Leung, B. P., Wei, X. Q., McInnes, I. B. &     Liew, F. Y. Soluble IL-15 receptor alpha-chain administration     prevents murine collagen-induced arthritis: a role for IL-15 in     development of antigen-induced immunopathology. J. Immunol. 160,     5654-5660 (1998). -   26. Smith, X. G. et al. Selective blockade of IL-15 by soluble IL-15     receptor alpha-chain enhances cardiac allograft survival. J.     Immunol. 165, 3444-3450 (2000). -   27. Rubinstein, M. P. et al. Systemic Administration of IL-15     Augments the Antigen-Specific Primary CD8+ T Cell Response Following     Vaccination with Peptide-Pulsed Dendritic Cells. J. Immunol 169,     4928-4935 (2002). -   28. Tsunobuchi, H. et al. A Protective Role of Interleukin-15 in a     Mouse Model for Systemic Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus. Virol.     275, 57-66 (2000). -   29. Oh, S., Berzofsky, J. A., Burke, D. S., Waldmann, T. A. &     Perera, L. P. Coadministration of HIV vaccine vectors with vaccinia     viruses expressing IL-15 but not IL-2 induces long-lasting cellular     immunity. PNAS 100, 3392-3397 (2003). -   30. Khan, I. A. & Kasper, L. H. IL-15 augments CD8+ T cell-mediated     immunity against Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. -   31. Maeurer, M. J. et al. Interleukin-7 or interleukin-15 enhances     survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice. Infect. Immun.     68, 2962-2970 (2000). -   32. Umemura, M., Nishimura, H., Hirose, K., Matsuguchi, T. &     Yoshikai, Y. Overexpression of IL-15 in vivo enhances protection     against Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection via     augmentation of NK and T cytotoxic 1 responses. J. Immunol. 167,     946-956 (2001). -   33. Nguyen, L. T. et al. TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and CD95 are not     required for T cell deletion after virus infection but contribute to     peptide-induced deletion under limited conditions. Eur. J. Immunol.     30, 683-688 (2000). -   34. Chitnis, V., Pahwa, R. & Pahwa, S. Determinants of HIV-Specific     CD8 T-cell responses in HIV-infected pediatric patients and     enhancement of HIV-gagspecific responses with exogenous IL-15. Clin.     Immunol 107, 36-45 (2003). -   35. Castelli, J., Thomas, E. K., Gilliet, M., Liu, Y. J. &     Levy, J. A. Mature Dendritic cells can enhance CD8+ cell     noncytotoxic anti-HIV responses: the role of IL-15. Blood 103,     2699-2704 (2004). -   36. Lum, J. J. et al. Differential Effects of Interleukin-7 and     Interleukin-15 on NK Cell Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus     Activity. J. Virol. 78, 6033-6042 (2004). -   37. Forcina, G. et al. Interleukin-15 modulates interferon-gamma and     betachemokine production in patients with HIV infection:     implications for immune-based therapy. Cytokine 25, 283-290 (2004). -   38. Mastroianni, C. M. et al. Interleukin-15 enhances neutrophil     functional activity in patients with human immunodeficiency virus     infection. Blood 96, 1979-1984 (2000). -   39. Bamford, R. N., DeFilippis, A. P., Azimi, N., Kurys, G. &     Waldmann, T. A. The 5′ untranslated region, signal peptide, and the     coding sequence of the carboxyl terminus of IL-15 participate in its     multifaceted translational control. Journal of Immunology 160,     4418-4426 (1998). -   40. Mueller, Y. M. et al. IL-15 enhances survival and function of     HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Blood 101, 1024-1029 (3 A.D.). -   41. Alpdogan, O. et al. Interleukin-15 enhances immune     reconstitution after allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Blood     105, 865-873 (2005). -   42. Chapoval, A. I., Fuller, J. A., Kremlev, S. G., Kamdar, S. J. &     Evans, R. Combination chemotherapy and IL-15 administration induce     permanent tumor regression in a mouse lung tumor model: NK and T     cell-mediated effects antagonized by B cells. J. Immunol. 161,     6977-6984 (1998). -   43. Wysocka, M. et al. Enhancement of the host immune responses in     cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and IL-15.     Blood 104, 4142-4149 (2004). -   44. Klebanoff, C. A. et al. IL-15 enhances the in vivo antitumor     activity of tumorreactive CD8+ T cells. PNAS 101, 1969-1974 (4     A.D.). -   45. de Jong, J. L., Farner, N. L., Widmer, M. B., Giri, J. G. &     Sondel, P. M. Interaction of IL-15 with the shared IL-2 receptor     beta and gamma c subunits. The IL-15/beta/gamma c receptor-ligand     complex is less stable than the IL-Meta/gamma c receptor-ligand     complex. J. Immunol. 156, 1339-1348 (1996). -   46. Budagian, V. et al. Reverse signaling through membrane-bound     interleukin-15. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 42192-42201 (2004). -   47. Sandau, M. M., Schluns, K. S., Lefrancois, L. & Jameson, S. C.     Transpresentation of IL-15 by bone marrow-derived cells necessitates     expression of IL-15 and IL-15R by the same cells. J. Immunol. 173,     in press (2004). -   48. Burkett, P. R. et al. IL-15Ralpha expression on CD8+ T cells is     dispensable for T cell memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100,     4724-4729 (2003). -   49. Dubois, S., Mariner, J., Waldmann, T. A. & Tagaya, Y.     IL-15Ralpha recycles and presents IL-15 In trans to neighboring     cells. Immunity 17, 537-547 (2002). -   50. Schluns, K. S., Klonowski, K. D. & Lefrancois, L.     Trans-regulation of memory CD8 T cell proliferation by IL-15Ra+ bone     marrow-derived cells. Blood DOI 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2814, (2004). -   51. Burkett, P. R. et al. Coordinate expression and trans     presentation of interleukin (IL)-15Ralpha and IL-15 supports natural     killer cell and memory CD8+ T cell homeostasis. J Exp. Med. 200,     825-834 (2004). -   52. Lodolce, J. P., Burkett, P. R., Boone, D. L., Chien, M. & Ma, A.     T cell independent interleukin 15Ralpha signals are required for     bystander proliferation. J Exp. Med. 194, 1187-1194 (2001). -   53. Koka, R. et al. Interleukin (IL)-15R[alpha]-deficient natural     killer cells survive in normal but not IL-15R[alpha]-deficient     mice. J. Exp. Med. 197, 977-984 (2003). -   54. Carson, W. E. et al. Interleukin (IL) 15 is a novel cytokine     that activates human natural killer cells via components of the IL-2     receptor. J. Exp. Med. 180, 1395-1403 (1994). -   55. Dunne, J. et al. Selective expansion and partial activation of     human NK cells and NK receptor-positive T cells by IL-2 and     IL-15. J. Immunol. 167, 3129-3138 (2001). -   56. Warren, H. S., Kinnear, B. F., Kastelein, R. L. & Lanier, L. L.     Analysis of the costimulatory role of IL-2 and IL-15 in initiating     proliferation of resting (CD56dim) human NK cells. J. Immunol. 156,     3254-3259 (1996). -   57. Murali-Krishna, K. et al. Persistence of memory CD8 T cells in     MHC class I-deficient mice. Science 286, 1377-1381 (1999). -   58. Goldrath, A. W. & Bevan, M. J. Low-Affinity Ligands for the TCR     Drive Proliferation of Mature CD8+ TCells in Lymphopenic Hosts.     Immunity 11, 183-190 (2000). -   59. Kieper, W. C. & Jameson, S. C. Homeostatic expansion and     phenotypic conversion of naive T cells in response to self     peptide/MHC ligands. PNAS 96, 13306-13311 (2000). -   60. Schluns, K. S., Kieper, W. C., Jameson, S. C. & Lefrancois, L.     Interleukin-7 mediates the homeostasis of naive and memory CD8 T     cells in vivo. Nat. Immunol. 1, 426-432 (2000). -   61. Brocker, T. Survival of mature CD4 T lymphocytes is dependent on     major histocompatibility complex class II-expressing dendritic     cells. J. Exp. Med. 186, 1223-1232 (1997). -   62. Jung, S. et al. In vivo depletion of CD11c(+) dendritic cells     abrogates priming of CD8(+) T cells by exogenous cell-associated     antigens. Immunity 17, 211-220 (2002). -   63. Zammit, D. J., Cauley, L. S., Pham, Q.-M. & Lefrancois, L.     Dendritic cells maximize the memory CD8 T cell response to     infection. Immunity in press, (2005). -   64. Klebanoff, C. A. et al. IL-15 enhances the in vivo antitumor     activity of tumorreactive CD8+ T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.     A 101, 1969-1974 (2004). -   65. Roychowdhury, S. et al. Failed adoptive immunotherapy with     tumorspecific T cells: reversal with low-dose interleukin 15 but not     low-dose interleukin 2. Cancer Res. 64, 8062-8067 (2004). -   66. Zeng, R. et al. Synergy of IL-21 and IL-15 in regulating CD8+ T     cell expansion and function. J. Exp. Med 201, 139-148 (2005). -   67. Alpdogan, O. & van den Brink, M. R. M. IL-7 and IL-15:     therapeutic cytokines for immunodeficiency. Trends Immunol. 26,     56-64 (2005). -   68. Dummer, W. et al. T cell homeostatic proliferation elicits     effective antitumor autoimmunity. J. Clin. Invest 110, 185-192     (2002). -   69. Baccala, R., Gonzalez-Quintial, R., Dummer, W. &     Theofilopoulos, A. N. Tumor immunity via homeostatic T cell     proliferation: mechanistic aspects and clinical perspectives.     Springer Semin Immunopathol published online, (2005). -   70. Wrzesinski, C. & Restifo, N. P. Less is more: lymphodepletion     followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplant aμgments adoptive     T-cell-based antitumor immunotherapy. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 17,     195-201 (2005). -   71. Dudley, M. E. et al. Adoptive cell transfer therapy following     nonmyeloablative but lymphodepleting chemotherapy for the treatment     of patients with refractory metastatic melanoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 23,     2346-2357 (2005). -   72. Porter, D. L. & June, C. H. T-cell reconstitution and expansion     after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: ‘T’ it up! Bone     Marrow Transplant. (2005). -   73. Cho, B. K., Rao, V. P., Ge, Q., Eisen, H. N. & Chen, J.     Homeostasis-stimulated proliferation drives naive T cells to     differentiate directly into memory T cells. J. Exp. Med. 192,     549-556 (2000). -   74. Ruckert, R. et al. Dendritic cell-derived IL-15 controls the     induction of CD8 T cell immune responses. Eur. J. Immunol. 33,     3493-3503 (2003). -   75. Prlic, M., Blazar, B. R., Farrar, M. A. & Jameson, S. C. In vivo     survival and homeostatic proliferation of natural killer cells. J.     Exp. Med. 197, 967-976 (2003). -   76. Kassiotis, G., Garcia, S., Simpson, E. & Stockinger, B.     Impairment of immunological memory in the absence of MHC despite     survival of memory T cells. Nat. Immunol. 3, 244-250 (2002). -   77. Lyons, A. B. & Parish, C. R. Determination of lymphocyte     division by flow cytometry. J. Immunol. Methods 171, 131-137 (1994). -   78. Altman, J. D. et al. Phenotypic analysis of antigen-specific T     lymphocytes. Science 274, 94-96 (1996). -   79. Masopust, D., Jiang, J., Shen, H. & Lefrancois, L. Direct     analysis of the dynamics of the intestinal mucosa CD8 T cell     response to systemic virus infection. J. Immunol. 166, 2348-2356     (2001). -   80. Oehen, S. & Brduscha-Riem, K. Differentiation of naive CTL to     effector and memory CTL: correlation of effector function with     phenotype and cell division. J Immunol 161, 5338-5346 (1998). -   81. Kim, S. K. et al. Generation of mucosal cytotoxic T cells     against soluble protein by tissue-specific environmental and     costimulatory signals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 10814-10819     (1998). 

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A method for treating cancer, comprising administering to a human in need thereof a composition, wherein the composition comprises: a. a purified interleukin-15 (IL-15) polypeptide and a purified soluble form of an interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ra) polypeptide; b. a purified chimeric polypeptide in which an IL-15 polypeptide is linked to a soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide; c. a purified IL-15 polypeptide and a purified chimeric polypeptide in which a soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide is covalently linked to the Fc portion of an antibody; d. a purified complex comprising an IL-15 polypeptide bound to a soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide; or e. a purified complex comprising an IL-15 polypeptide bound to a soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide that is covalently linked to the Fc portion of an antibody, wherein said administration results in treating cancer.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition comprises a purified IL-15 polypeptide and a purified soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition comprises a purified complex comprising an IL-15 polypeptide bound to a soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide.
 24. The method of claim 21, wherein the IL-15 polypeptide is: (i) (a) encoded by a nucleic acid that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO: 2; or (b) at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 over the length of the mature form of SEQ ID NO 6; and (ii) capable of forming a complex with IL-15Ra polypeptide.
 25. The method of claim 22 or 23, wherein the IL-15 polypeptide is: (i) (a) encoded by a nucleic acid that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO: 2; or (b) at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 over the length of the mature form of SEQ ID NO: 6; and (ii) capable of forming a complex with IL-15Ra polypeptide.
 26. The method of claim 21, wherein the IL-15 polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.
 27. The method of claim 21, wherein the soluble form of the IL-15Ra polypeptide is: (i) a soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide and the IL-15Ra polypeptide is (a) encoded by a nucleic acid that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO: 4; or (b) at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 over the length of the mature form of SEQ ID NO: 8; and (ii) capable of forming a complex with IL-15 polypeptide.
 28. The method of claim 22 or 23, wherein the soluble form of the IL-15Ra polypeptide is: (i) a soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide and the IL-15Ra polypeptide is (a) encoded by a nucleic acid that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO: 4; or (b) at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 over the length of the mature form of SEQ ID NO: 8; and (ii) capable of forming a complex with IL-15 polypeptide.
 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the soluble form of the IL-15Ra polypeptide: (i) has the amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of an IL-15Ra polypeptide and the IL-15Ra polypeptide is (a) encoded by a nucleic acid that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO: 4; or (b) at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 over the length of the mature form of SEQ ID NO: 8; and (ii) is capable of forming a complex with IL-15 polypeptide.
 30. The method of claim 22 or 23, wherein the soluble form of the IL-15Ra polypeptide: (i) has the amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of an IL-15Ra polypeptide and the IL-15Ra polypeptide is (a) encoded by a nucleic acid that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO: 4; or (b) at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 over the length of the mature form of SEQ ID NO: 8; and (ii) is capable of forming a complex with IL-15 polypeptide.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the IL-15Ra polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 32. The method of claim 24, wherein the soluble form of the L 5Ra polypeptide is: (i) a soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide and the IL-15Ra polypeptide is (a) encoded by a nucleic acid that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO: 4; or (b) at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 over the length of the mature form of SEQ ID NO: 8; and (ii) capable of forming a complex with IL-15 polypeptide.
 33. The method of claim 24, wherein the soluble form of the IL-15Ra polypeptide: (i) has the amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of an IL-15Ra polypeptide and the IL-15Ra polypeptide is (a) encoded by a nucleic acid that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO: 4; or (b) at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 over the length of the mature form of SEQ ID NO: 8; and (ii) is capable of forming a complex with IL-15 polypeptide.
 34. The method of claim 25, wherein the soluble form of the IL-15Ra polypeptide: (i) has the amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of an IL-15Ra polypeptide and the IL-15Ra polypeptide is (a) encoded by a nucleic acid that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO: 4; or (b) at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 over the length of the mature form of SEQ ID NO: 8; and (ii) is capable of forming a complex with IL-15 polypeptide.
 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the IL-15Ra polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 36. The method of claim 26, wherein the soluble form of the IL-15Ra polypeptide: (i) has the amino acid sequence of the extracellular domain of an IL-15Ra polypeptide and the IL-15Ra polypeptide is (a) encoded by a nucleic acid that is at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4 over the entire length of SEQ ID NO: 4; or (b) at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 over the length of the mature form of SEQ ID NO: 8; and (ii) is capable of forming a complex with IL-15 polypeptide.
 37. The method of claim 26 or 36, wherein the IL-15Ra polypeptide has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 38. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition is administered by a parenteral route.
 39. The method of claim 21, wherein the composition is administered by an intravenous route, subcutaneous route or intramuscular route.
 40. The method of claim 21, wherein the cancer is lymphoma.
 41. The method of claim 21, wherein the cancer is leukemia.
 42. The method of claim 21, wherein the cancer is prostate cancer, uterus cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, neoplasm, adenocarcinoma, lung cancer, kidney cancer or pancreatic cancer.
 43. The method of claim 21, wherein the human is lymphopenic.
 44. The method of claim 21, which increases proliferation of immune cells as measured in an in vitro assay with CFSE-labeled immune cells, wherein CFSE dilution is measured by flow cytometry.
 45. The method of claim 21, wherein said purified IL-15 or said purified complex demonstrates an in vivo half-life of greater than an hour.
 46. A method for increasing proliferation of immune cells, or for treating AIDS, an infectious disease, an immune disorder, or a hematopoietic disorder, comprising administering to a human in need thereof a composition, wherein the composition comprises: a. a purified interleukin-15 (IL-15) polypeptide and a purified soluble form of an interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ra) polypeptide; b. a purified chimeric polypeptide in which an IL-15 polypeptide is linked to a soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide; c. a purified IL-15 polypeptide and a purified chimeric polypeptide in which a soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide is covalently linked to the Fc portion of an antibody; d. a purified complex comprising an IL-15 polypeptide bound to a soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide; or e. a purified complex comprising an IL-15 polypeptide bound to a soluble form of an IL-15Ra polypeptide that is covalently linked to the Fc portion of an antibody, wherein said administration results in increasing proliferation of immune cells, or treatment of AIDS, infectious disease, immune disorder, or hematopoietic disorder, respectively. 